Textured sphere and spherical environment map rendering using texture map double indirection

• US 5,446,833 A
• Filed: 02/28/1994
• Issued: 08/29/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 05/08/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Apple Computer Incorporated (Apple Inc.)
• Inventors: Miller, Gavin S. P., Chen, Shenchang E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Powell, Mark R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): HUYNH, BA
• Application Number:
  US08/205,137
• Time in Patent Office: 547 Days
• Field of Search: 395/125, 395/127, 395/129, 395/130, 395/137, 395/119
• US Class Current: 345/585
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 15/04 Texture mapping
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 29/005 Map projections or methods associated specifically therewith
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 9/301 by computer-processed or -generated image

Abstract

A method and apparatus for rendering textured spheres and spherical environment maps. The method of the present invention provides for real time rotation of a textured sphere and panning of the view into a spherical environment map, along multiple axes without the need for special rendering hardware. A two-level indexing scheme for accessing pixel data in a texture map, is used to identify shading values for pixels in a display window. The two-level indexing scheme is comprised of a screen look-up table and a parametric look-up table. The screen look-up table has the dimensions of the display window, whereas the parametric look-up table has the dimensions of the parametric spherical environment map (wherein the pixel addresses are rotated 90 degrees from the origin). The method for the present invention is comprised primarily of the steps of: providing a parametric spherical environment map of the image to be viewed, generating a screen look-up table comprised of look-up addresses, generating a parametric look-up table comprised of index values into the parametric spherical environment map, and for each look-up address in the screen look-up table, mapping to an entry in the parametric look-up table, retrieving the value in the entry, and using the value to retrieve pixel values from the parametric spherical environment map. Rotation or movement of the view being seen is accomplished by adding offsets to the look-up address and/or the index values.

Claims

1. A method for rendering views of an image projected onto a sphere from a predetermined projection orientation with respect to a viewer, said views being capable of manipulation along multiple axes, said method comprising the steps of:

a) providing a texture map comprised of a plurality of pixel shading values, said texture map providing an image to be viewed;

b) generating a screen look-up table comprised of look-up addresses, said screen look-up table corresponding to a display window having said predetermined projection orientation with respect to a viewer;

c) generating a parametric look-up table comprised of texture map indices, said parametric look-up table being of the same size as said texture map, said texture map indices in said parametric look-up table corresponding to information in said screen look-up table being rotated N degrees;

for each look-up address in said screen look-up table;

providing a first offset to said look-up address to identify a corresponding entry in said parametric look-up table, said first offset causing rotation of said image projected onto a sphere from a predetermined projection orientation with respect to a viewer along a first axis;

providing a second offset to said identified corresponding entry in said parametric look-up table to create an index value into said texture map, said second offset causing rotation of said image projected onto a sphere from a predetermined projection orientation with respect to a viewer along a second axis, said second axis being different than said first axis;

retrieving an entry in said texture map based on said index value, said entry being a pixel shading value for said look-up address in said screen look-up table.

2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said first axis is a horizontal axis and said second axis is a polar axis.

3. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said texture map is a spherical environment map.

4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of generating a screen look-up table comprised of look-up addresses, said screen look-up table corresponding to a display window having a predetermined projection orientation with respect to a viewer, said predetermined projection orientation being an orthographic projection, said step of generating a screen look-up table is further comprised of the steps of:

a) generating a set of look-up address for a central scanline of said display window;

b) storing said set of look-up addresses for said central scanline;

c) for each of the remaining scanlines in said display window;

scaling said look-up address for said central scanline by a factor corresponding to the position of the scanline being processed; and

storing said scaled look-up address in a corresponding location of said screen look-up table.

5. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of generating a screen look-up table comprised of look-up addresses, said screen look-up table corresponding to a display window having a predetermined projection orientation with respect to a viewer, said predetermined projection orientation being at the center of a sphere, said step is further comprised of the steps of:

a) computing an X-range and a Y-range for the projection orientation of a viewer;

for each column of pixels with said X-range;

b) computing a radius for said column;

c) computing a Y-increment value;

d) computing a Y-coordinate from said Y-range and said radius;

for each pixel in said column;

e) computing an inverse tangent, from said Y-coordinate and storing as an elevation angle; and

f) assigning a Y-coordinate to equal a prior Y-coordinate value added to said Y-increment value.

6. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of generating a parametric look-up table comprised of texture map indices is further comprised of the steps of:

for each pixel address of said texture map;

a) computing first angular coordinates corresponding to said pixel addresses;

b) computing a direction vector corresponding to first linear coordinates of said pixel address, said direction vector having X, Y and Z axis components;

c) rotating said direction vector around said Z-axis by ninety degrees;

d) computing second angular coordinates based on said rotation;

e) computing second linear coordinates from said second angular coordinates; and

f) storing said second linear coordinates.

7. A method for for viewing textured spheres and spherical environment maps as rendered by the method of claim 1, wherein said method is comprised of the steps of:

a) positioning a cursor at a position on said textured sphere or said spherical environment map by moving a cursor control device at a first position;

b) depressing a switch associated with said cursor control device into a first position;

c) re-positioning said cursor by moving said cursor control device to a second position; and

d) rotating said textured sphere or said spherical environment map from said first position to said second position.

8. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said step of rotating said textured sphere or said spherical environment map from said first position to said second position will terminate if said switch associated with said cursor control device is released into a second position.

9. A method for generating texture map indices for rotating the view of a textured sphere along a first axis and a second axis while rendering said textured sphere, said method comprising the steps of:

a) generating a screen look-up table representing an orthogonal view of a first sphere in a display window, said screen look-up table having a plurality of entries representing first sphere parameters (u,v);

b) generating a parametric look-up table representing a mapping of said first sphere parameters (u,v) to a second sphere, said second sphere rotated by N degrees about an axis perpendicular to the poles of said first sphere, where N is not zero, said parametric look-up table having a plurality of entries representing second sphere parameters (u'"'"',v'"'"'), and

c) for each entry (u,v) in said screen look-up table,

combining a first offset with said entry (u,v) to create an index into said parametric look-up table, therein causing rotation of said textured sphere along said first axis,

retrieving an entry (u'"'"',v'"'"') from said parametric look-up table based on said index, and

combining a second offset with said entry (u'"'"',v'"'"') of said parametric look-up table to create a texture map index, therein causing rotation of said textured sphere along said second axis.

10. The method as recited in claim 9 wherein N is 90 degrees.

11. The method as recited in claim 10 wherein said step of combining said first offset with said entry (u,v) to create an index into said parametric look-up table is comprised of adding said first offset to said u parameter of said look-up table entry.

12. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein said step of combining said second offset with said entry (u'"'"',v'"'"') of said parametric look-up table to create a texture map index is comprised of the step of adding said second offset to said u'"'"' parameter of said entry of said parametric look-up table.

13. The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said step of generating a screen look-up table representing an orthogonal view of a first sphere in a display window is further comprised of the steps of:

a) obtaining a zoom factor for the view to be rendered;

b) rendering said sphere in said display window based on said zoom factor to obtain look-up table addresses corresponding to an orthogonal view of said first sphere; and

c) storing said look-up table address in said screen look-up table.

14. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein said step of rendering said sphere in said display window based on said zoom factor to obtain look-up table addresses corresponding to an orthogonal view of said first sphere is further comprised of the steps of:

d) generating a set of look-up addresses for a central scanline of said display window based on said zoom factor;

e) storing said set of look-up addresses in corresponding locations in said screen look-up table; and

for each of remaining scanline in said display window performing the steps of;

f) scaling said look-up address for said central scanline by a factor corresponding to the position of the scanline being processed; and

g) storing said scaled look-up address in a corresponding location in said screen look-up table.

15. A method for generating texture map indices while rendering a view of a spherical environment map projected on a sphere with the viewing position at the center of said sphere for panning along a first axis and a second axis, said method comprising the steps of:

a) generating a screen look-up table representing a view of a first sphere having a viewing position at the center of said first sphere, said screen look-up table having a plurality of entries representing first sphere parameter (u,v);

b) generating a parametric look-up table representing a mapping of said first sphere parameters (u,v) to a second sphere, said second sphere rotated by N degrees about an axis perpendicular to the poles of said first sphere, where N is not zero, said parametric look-up table having a plurality of entries representing second sphere parameters (u'"'"',v'"'"')

for each entry (u,v) in said screen look-up table,

combining a first offset with said entry (u,v) to create an index into said parametric look-up table, therein causing panning of said projected spherical environment map along said first axis,

retrieving an entry (u'"'"',v'"'"') into said parametric look-up based on said index,

combining a second offset with said entry (u'"'"',v'"'"') of said parametric look-up table to create a texture map index, therein causing panning of said projected spherical environment map along said second axis.

16. The method as recited in claim 15 wherein N is 90 degrees.

17. The method as recited in claim 16 wherein said step of combining said first offset with said entry (u,v) to create an index into said parametric look-up table is comprised of adding said first offset to said u parameter of said screen look-up table entry.

18. The method as recited in claim 17 wherein said step of combining said second offset with said entry (u'"'"',v'"'"') of said parametric look-up table to create a texture map index is comprised of the step of adding said second offset to said u'"'"' parameter of said entry of said parametric look-up table.

19. A method of accessing texture map information for rotating the view of a textured sphere along a first axis and a second axis while rendering said textured sphere, said method comprising the steps of:

a) generating a screen look-up table representing a first sphere having a first orientation, said first sphere having a plurality of first sphere parameters (u,v), u corresponding to a position along the equator of said first sphere, v corresponding to a position between the poles of said first sphere, said screen look-up table having a plurality of first storage locations, each of said plurality of first storage locations corresponding to one of said plurality of first sphere parameters, each of said plurality of first storage locations for storing values corresponding to one of a plurality of second sphere parameters (u'"'"',v'"'"');

b) generating a parametric look-up table representing a second sphere having a second orientation rotated 90°

from an axis perpendicular to an axis between the poles of said first sphere, said second sphere having said plurality of second sphere parameters (u'"'"',v'"'"'), said parametric look-up table having a plurality of second storage locations, each of said plurality of second storage locations corresponding to one of said plurality of second sphere parameters, each of said second plurality of storage locations for storing one of a plurality of indices to said texture map, and

c) for each of said first sphere parameters (u,v), performing the following steps,

providing a u offset, said u offset representative of a translation in a first direction,

generating an address corresponding to (u+u offset, v),

accessing a parametric look-up table index corresponding to said (u+u offset, v), said parametric look-up table index corresponding to one of said plurality of second sphere parameters (u'"'"',v'"'"'),

providing a u'"'"' offset, said u'"'"' offset representative of a translation in a second direction, said second direction being 90°

from said first direction,

generating a texture map index corresponding to (u'"'"'+u'"'"' offset, v'"'"'), and

accessing said texture map at a location corresponding to said texture map index.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein said screen look-up table includes an orthographic projection of said first sphere.

21. The method of claim 19 wherein said screen look-up table includes a perspective projection wherein a viewing position is at the center of a sphere.

22. The method of claim 19 wherein the number of calculations required to generate said screen look-up table is reduced using the symmetry of a sphere.