Coupled transmission line sensor cable and method

• US 5,448,222 A
• Filed: 12/09/1993
• Issued: 09/05/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 12/09/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Southwest Microwave, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Southwest Microwave, Inc.
• Inventors: Harman, R. Keith
• Primary Examiner(s): Peng, John K.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Lee, Benjamin C.
• Application Number:
  US08/164,364
• Time in Patent Office: 635 Days
• Field of Search: 340/561, 340/552, 340/553, 340/554, 340/566, 340/541, 324/600, 324/671, 324/54
• US Class Current: 340/566
• CPC Class Codes: F02B 2075/025 two
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/169 using cable transducer means
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/2497 using transmission lines, e.g. cable

Abstract

A transducer cable includes an inner conductor, an outer conductor, and dielectric between the inner conductor and the outer conductor. A longitudinal passage and a sense wire loosely disposed therein extend through the dielectric. Movement, (e.g., intruder-caused vibration) of the transducer cable results in movement of the sense wire relative to the outer conductor, causing corresponding changes in characteristic impedance of the sense wire. A carrier signal transmitted down the inner conductor produces an electromagnetic field that couples energy to the sense wire. The change in characteristic impedance causes reflection of some of the coupled energy, which produces a corresponding signal that is sensed by a receiver circuitry. The receiver circuitry produces a signal indicating the occurrence of the intruder-caused vibration. The receiver circuitry includes a system that digitizes the received signals at successive times that correspond to successive sections of the cable, performs digital filtering to eliminate a cable profile or clutter response, and produces target response values for sections of the cable that undergo changes in characteristic impedance. Target responses in several adjoining sections are interpolated to precisely locate the intrusion activity causing the vibrations.

Claims

1. A transducer cable comprising in combination:

(a) a first conductor;

(b) a second conductor;

(c) solid non-magnetic dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor generally parallel to the first conductor,

(d) a longitudinal passage generally parallel to the first and second conductors extending through the non-magnetic dielectric material; and

(e) a sense wire extending through the passage and having a cross section substantially smaller than that of said passage so that the sense wire fits loosely in said passage, so that physical movement of the transducer cable results in free movement of the sense wire relative to one of the first and second conductors, resulting in corresponding changes in the characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the sense wire and the one of the first and second conductors.

2. The trandsucer cable of claim 1 wherein the first and second conductors and the sense wire are approximately parallel.

3. The transducer cable of claim 2 wherein the first conductor is an inner conductor, the second conductor is an outer conductor, the outer conductor being tubular, the dielectric material being inside the outer conductor.

4. The transducer cable of claim 3 wherein the non-magnetic dielectric material is generally cylindrical, and the passage is a slot in an outer portion of the dielectric material.

5. The transducer cable of claim 4 further including a layer of dielectric tape covering the slot.

6. The transducer cable of claim 5 wherein the sense wire is flexible multi-strand wire.

7. The transducer cable of claim 5 including a first termination matched to a characteristic impedance of the first transmission line and connected between the sense wire and the outer conductor, and a second termination matched to a characteristic impedance of a second transmission line formed by the inner conductor and the outer conductor and connected between the inner conductor and the outer conductor.

8. The transducer cable of claim 7 wherein the length of the transducer cable is in the range from 10 to 500 meters, and the diameter thereof is in the range from 0.125 to 1 inch.

9. A method of sensing physical movement of a portion of a transducer cable including a first conductor surrounding a dielectric, a second conductor surrounded by the dielectric, and a flexible sense wire, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a passage through the dielectric extending the length of the transducer cable, and placing the sense wire to extend through the passage, the sense wire fitting loosely in the passage such that the physical movement and consequent relative transverse movement of the sense wire in the passage results in a change in characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the first conductor and the sense wire at the location of the movement;

(b) transmitting a carrier signal from a first end of the transducer cable down a second transmission line formed by the first conductor and the second conductor;

(c) coupling energy from the carrier signal to the first transmission line, and reflecting a portion of the coupled energy at the location;

(d) measuring a first signal produced on the sense wire by the reflected energy; and

(e) determining the location of the movement by measuring an amount of time required for the first signal to propagate from the location of the movement to the first end of the transducer cable.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein step (d) includes amplifying and then detecting the first signal to produce a second signal, and wherein step (b) includes transmitting a plurality of bursts of RF energy down the second transmission line, each burst including at least one cycle, each successive burst being spaced from the previous one by sufficient time to allow digitization of an amplitude value of the second signal.

11. The method of claim 10 including digitizing separate values of the second signal that are produced in response to each burst, each successive separate value being sampled at a time corresponding a successive section of the transducer cable, respectively.

12. The method of claim 11 including performing a digital high pass filtering operation on the digitized values of the second signal to eliminate a clutter component thereof, to thereby produce a plurality of target response values for a group of sections, respectively, of the transducer cable near the location of the change in characteristic impedance.

13. The method of claim 12 including performing an interpolation of the target response values to determine interpolated values of the target response at preselected interpolation points along the transducer cable and to determine a peak value and a location of the transducer at which the peak value occurs.

14. The method of claim 13 including providing an alarm signal if the peak value exceeds a stored threshold value for a portion of the transducer cable, defined by two adjacent interpolation points, within which the peak value occurs.

15. The method of claim 14 including calibrating an intrusion detection system including the transducer cable by applying a predetermined physical disturbance to the transducer cable at each interpolation point, respectively, determining the response of the first transmission line to each physical disturbance in the presence of a burst of RF energy, and storing the response as a threshold for that interpolation point.

16. The method of claim 14 including raising or lowering the stored threshold value to reduce the probability of producing a false alarm or increasing the probability of detecting a disturbance, respectively.

17. The method of claim 9 including coupling the transducer cable in series with an additional similar transducer cable by means of a termination circuit which connects the first conductor of the transducer cable to the first conductor of the additional transducer cable, and couples the second conductor of the transducer cable to the second conductor of the additional transducer cable by means of a low pass filter.

18. The method of claim 17 including conducting power and low frequency information on the first conductors, the low pass filter isolating the second conductor of the additional transducer cable from the carrier signal transmitted down the second transmission line.

19. The method of claim 17 including connecting a center conductor of a first section of bypass cable to the second conductor of the transducer cable, and connecting a center conductor of a second section of bypass cable to the sense wire of the transducer cable, and connecting the first conductor of the transducer cable, an outer conductor of the first section of bypass cable, and an outer conductor of the second bypass section of cable together to thereby form a permanent bypass section of a multi-section transducer cable formed by the transducer cable and the additional transducer cable.

20. The method of claim 9 wherein step (e) includes removing a clutter component of the first signal produced by constant characteristic impedance portions of the first transmission line in response to propagation of the carrier signal down the second transmission line to produce a target response component of the first signal indicative of the amount and location of the movement.

21. An intrusion detection system, comprising in combination:

(a) a transducer cable including

i. an inner conductor,

ii. an outer conductor,

iii. dielectric material between the inner conductor and the outer conductor, the outer conductor being tubular, the dielectric material being inside the outer conductor,

iv. a longitudinal passage extending through the dielectric material, and

v. a sense wire extending through the passage and loosely fitting therein so that vibration or flexing of the transducer cable results in movement of the sense wire relative to the outer conductor, causing corresponding changes in the characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the outer conductor and the sense wire;

(b) a transmitting circuit adapted to transmit a RF signal from a first end of the transducer cable down a second transmission line formed by the inner conductor and the outer conductor, an electromagnetic field being produced inside the outer conductor by the carrier signal and coupling energy to the first transmission line, an intrusion activity causing movement, such as vibration or flexing, of the transducer cable resulting in movement of the sense wire relative to the passage and changing an characteristic impedance of the first transmission line at the portion thereof undergoing the relative movement, the characteristic impedance change causing a reflection of a portion of the coupled energy back along the first transmission line toward the first end, the sense wire carrying a first signal resulting from the reflected energy;

(c) a receiver circuit connected to receive the first signal at the first end to amplify and filter high frequency components from the first signal to thereby produce a second signal;

(d) an analog-to-digital converter connected to receive the second signal;

(e) a control circuit connected to apply a conversion signal to the analog-to-digital converter, the conversion signal including a plurality of pulses timed to cause the digital-to-analog converter to digitize values of the second signal representing responses of a plurality of different portions of the transducer cable to the second signal, respectively; and

(f) a processor adapted to receive the digitized values, perform a high pass digital filtering operation on the digitized values to isolate a disturbance component from a clutter response component thereof, perform an interpolating operation on the isolated disturbance component to determine a peak value and a corresponding location along the transducer cable, compare the peak value to a stored threshold value for the corresponding location, and generate an alarm signal if the peak value succeeds the threshold value.

22. The intrusion detection system of claim 21 wherein the carrier signal has a frequency in the range from 1 to 100 megahertz, and the length of the transducer cable is in the range from 10 to 500 feet, and wherein the carrier signal is transmitted in successive two-cycle bursts separated by amounts of time that exceed a conversion time of the analog-to-digital converter.

23. The intrusion detection circuit of claim 22 wherein the number of the portions of the transducer cable is in the range of 2 to 500.

24. The intrusion detection system of claim 23 wherein the dielectric material is approximately cylindrical, and the passage is an elongated slot extending through an outer portion of the dielectric material.

25. The intrusion detection system of claim 24 wherein the transducer cable further includes a layer of dielectric tape covering the slot, and wherein the sense wire is a flexible multi-conductor wire, the transducer cable includes a first termination matched to a characteristic impedance of the first transmission line, and a second termination matched to a characteristic impedance of the second transmission line.

26. A microphonic coupled transmission line sensor system comprising in combination:

(a) a cable including two transmission lines formed by three approximately parallel conductors in which a first one of the conductors is free to move relative to a second one of the conductors in response to physical disturbance of the cable;

(b) a radio frequency transmitter connected to one of the transmission lines at a first end of the cable; and

(c) a radio frequency receiver connected to one of the transmission lines to detect a change in coupling between the two transmission lines caused by a physical disturbance of the cable and indicate the presence of the physical disturbance in response to the change.

27. A microphonic coupled transmission line sensor system as recited in claim 26 wherein the transmitter and receiver are located at the first end of the cable, the receiver receiving a reflected coupled signal.

28. A microphonic coupled transmission line sensor system as recited in claim 27 wherein the transmitter sends a pulse of radio frequency signal down one of the transmission lines and the receiver measures a time delay to the receipt of the change caused by the physical disturbance to locate the disturbance along the length of the cable.

29. A microphonic coupled transmission line sensor system as recited in claim 26 wherein the transmitter and the receiver are located at opposite ends of the cable, the receiver receiving a forward coupled signal.

30. A method of operating a transducer cable in an intrusion detection system, the transducer cable including a first conductor, a second conductor, and non-magnetic solid dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor generally parallel to the first conductor, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a longitudinal passage extending through the dielectric material approximately parallel to the first and second conductors, and providing a sense wire extending through the passage, said sense wire having a cross section substantially smaller than that of said passage so that the sense wire fits loosely in said passage;

(b) physically moving the cable in response to an intrusion act; and

(c) moving the sense wire within the passage, hence causing free movement of the sense wire relative to the first and second conductors, thereby causing a corresponding change in a characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the sense wire and the second conductor.

31. The method of claim 30 including the steps of:

transmitting a carrier signal from a first end of the transducer cable down a second transmission line formed by the first conductor and the second conductor;

coupling energy from the carrier signal to the first transmission line; and

measuring a first signal produced by reflected energy on the sense wire at the first end of the transducer cable.

32. The method of claim 30 including the steps of:

transmitting a carrier signal from a first end of the transducer cable down a second transmission line formed by the first conductor and the second conductor;

coupling energy from the carrier signal to the first transmission line, and reflecting a portion of the coupled energy at the location of the change in characteristic impedance;

measuring a first signal produced by the reflected energy on the sense wire; and

determining the location of the movement by measuring the amount of time required for the first signal to propagate from the location of the change in characteristic impedance to the first end of the transducer cable.

33. An intrusion detection system, comprising in combination:

(a) a transducer cable including

i. a first conductor,

ii. a second conductor,

iii. dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor,

iv. a longitudinal passage extending through the dielectric material, and

v. a sense wire extending through the passage and loosely fitting therein so that physical movement of the transducer cable results in movement of the sense wire relative to the second conductor, providing corresponding changes in the characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the second conductor and the sense wire;

(b) a transmitting circuit adapted to transmit an RF signal down a second transmission line formed by the first conductor and the second conductor, an electromagnetic field being produced along the first conductor by RF signal and coupling energy to the first transmission line, an intrusion activity causing movement of the transducer cable resulting in movement of the sense wire relative to the passage and changing the characteristic impedance of the first transmission line at the portion thereof undergoing the relative movement, the characteristic impedance change causing a reflection of a portion of the coupled energy back along the first transmission line toward a transmitting circuit end of the first transmission line, the sense wire carrying a first signal representative of the reflected energy; and

(c) a receiver circuit connected to receive the first signal and operative to produce a second signal representative of the occurrence of the activity.

34. An intrusion detection system, comprising in combination:

(a) a transducer cable including

i. a first conductor,

ii. a second conductor,

iii. dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor,

iv. a longitudinal passage extending through the dielectric material, the first conductor extending through the passage and loosely fitting therein so that physical movement of the transducer cable results in movement of the first conductor relative to the second conductor, causing corresponding changes in the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by the second conductor and the first conductor;

(b) a directional coupler having a first port coupled to the first conductor, a second port, and a third port;

(c) a transmitting circuit adapted to transmit an RF signal down the transmission line, electromagnetic energy of the RF signal traveling along the first conductor, an intrusion activity causing movement of the transducer cable resulting in movement of the first conductor relative to the passage and changing the characteristic impedance of the transmission line at the portion thereof undergoing the relative movement, the characteristic impedance change causing a reflection of a portion of the electromagnetic energy back along the transmission line toward the directional coupler, the first conductor carrying a first signal representative of the reflected electromagnetic energy; and

(d) a receiver circuit connected to the third port to receive the first signal and operative to thereby produce a second signal representative of the occurrence of the intrusion activity.

35. An intrusion detection system, comprising in combination:

(a) a transducer cable including

i. a first, second, and third conductors,

ii. dielectric material between the first, second, and third conductors, the first conductor being free to move relative to the second and third conductors, so that physical movement of the transducer cable results in movement of the first conductor relative to the second and third conductors, thereby causing corresponding changes in the characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the first conductor and the second conductor, a second transmission line being formed by the third conductor and the second conductor;

(b) a transmitting circuit adapted to transmit an RF signal down the second transmission line, an electromagnetic field being produced in the second transmission line by the RF signal, coupling energy to the first transmission line, an intrusion activity causing movement of the transducer cable resulting in movement of the first conductor relative to the second and third conductors and changing an characteristic impedance of the first transmission line at a portion thereof at which the relative movement occurs, the first conductor carrying a first signal resulting from the change of characteristic impedance; and

(c) a receiver circuit connected to receive the first signal and operative to produce a second signal representative of the occurrence of the intrusion activity.

36. A method of sensing physical movement of a portion of a transducer cable including a first conductor surrounding a dielectric, a second conductor surrounded by the dielectric, and a flexible sense wire, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a passage through the dielectric extending the length of the transducer cable, and placing the sense wire to extend through the passage, the sense wire fitting loosely in the passage such that the physical movement and consequent relative transverse movement of the sense wire in the passage results in a change in characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the first conductor and the sense wire at the location of the movement;

(b) transmitting a carrier signal from a first end of the transducer cable down a second transmission line formed by the first conductor and the second conductor;

(c) coupling energy from the carrier signal to the first transmission line, and reflecting a portion of the coupled energy at the location;

(d) measuring a first signal produced on the sense wire by the reflected energy; and

(e) determining the location of the movement by measuring the phase of the first signal at the first end of the transducer cable relative to the phase of the carrier signal at the first end of the cable.

37. An intrusion detection system, comprising in combination:

(a) first and second acoustic cable sensors, each including a first conductor, a second conductor, and dielectric between the first and second conductors;

(b) a coupling circuit connecting the first conductor of the first acoustic cable sensor to the first conductor of the second acoustic cable sensor and including a low pass filter coupling the second conductor of the first acoustic cable sensor to the second conductor of the second acoustic cable sensor, to isolate either of the first and second acoustic cable sensors from a high frequency signal in the other;

(c) first and second high frequency signal transmitting circuits coupled to the second conductors of the first and second acoustic cable sensors, respectively; and

(d) first and second receiving circuits coupled to the second conductors of the first and second acoustic cable sensors, respectively, to detect responses of the first and second acoustic cable sensors to physical disturbances.

38. A transducer cable comprising in combination:

(a) a first conductor;

(b) a second conductor;

(c) solid dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor,

(d) a longitudinal passage extending through the dielectric material;

(e) a sense wire extending through the passage and loosely fitting therein so that physical movement of the transducer cable results in movement of the sense wire relative to one of the first and second conductors, resulting in corresponding changes in the characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the sense wire and the one of the first and second conductors; and

(f) a first termination matched to the characteristic impedance of the first transmission line and connected between the sense wire and the first conductor, and a second termination matched to the characteristic impedance of a second transmission line formed by the second conductor and the first conductor and connected between the second conductor and the first conductor.

39. An active transducer cable comprising in combination:

(a) a first conductor;

(b) a second conductor generally parallel to the first conductor;

(c) solid non-magnetic dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor,

(d) a longitudinal passage extending through the dielectric material; and

(e) a sense wire extending through the passage, having a cross section substantially smaller than that of said passage so that the sense wire fits loosely in said passage, so that physical movement of the active transducer cable results in free movement of the sense wire relative to one of the first and second conductors, resulting in corresponding changes in the characteristic impedance of a first transmission line formed by the sense wire and the one of the first and second conductors.