Electrochemically controlled faradic stimulation of osteogenesis
First Claim
1. An apparatus for faradic stimulation of osteogenesis by control of electrochemical reactions occurring at a site of desired osteogenesis, said apparatus comprising:
- means for producing faradic stimulation at said site;
closed-loop control means for maintaining said faradic stimulation at a level producing substantial osteogenic response while preventing initiation of hydrogen evolution, said closed-loop control means including means for repetitively identifying the onset of hydrogen evolution and adjusting said stimulation to a level near and below that corresponding to the identified onset of hydrogen evolution.
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Abstract
Invented are methods and an apparatus for faradic stimulation of osteogenesis by control of electrochemical reactions through maintenance of a stimulus between a cathode and anode yielding only beneficial electrochemical reactions at the cathode, the site of desired osteogenesis, while preventing any detrimental reaction at the same. Said methods and apparatus maintain a stimulus yielding the maximum acceptable level of oxygen consumption and pH elevation at the cathode, either with or without the formation of hydrogen peroxide as only an intermediate chemical species, while preventing the initiation of hydrogen gas evolution at the same such that the stimulus results in depression of oxygen tension plus elevation of pH, environmental effects that favor osteogenesis, and prevents a reaction resulting in elevation of pH plus hydrogen gas evolution, the latter effect being detrimental to the same.
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Citations
32 Claims
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1. An apparatus for faradic stimulation of osteogenesis by control of electrochemical reactions occurring at a site of desired osteogenesis, said apparatus comprising:
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means for producing faradic stimulation at said site; closed-loop control means for maintaining said faradic stimulation at a level producing substantial osteogenic response while preventing initiation of hydrogen evolution, said closed-loop control means including means for repetitively identifying the onset of hydrogen evolution and adjusting said stimulation to a level near and below that corresponding to the identified onset of hydrogen evolution. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
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7. A method of faradic stimulation of osteogenesis by control of electrochemical reactions occurring at a site of desired osteogenesis, said method comprising the steps:
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producing faradic stimulation at said site; maintaining said faradic stimulation at a level producing substantial osteogenic response while preventing initiation of hydrogen evolution, said maintaining step including repetitively identifying the onset of hydrogen evolution and adjusting said stimulation to a level near and below that corresponding to the identified onset of hydrogen evolution. - View Dependent Claims (8, 9, 10, 11, 12)
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13. A method for electrochemically controlled stimulation of osteogenesis, wherein said method comprises:
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providing a first electrode with a conduction exposure; providing a second electrode with a conductive exposure; monitoring current and potential between said first electrode and said second electrode to ascertain the electrochemical behavior of said first electrode and said second electrode; and applying initially and adjusting periodically an electrical signal between said first electrode and said second electrode to cause and maintain an electrochemical process of a first type at said first electrode but not an electrochemical process of a second type at said first electrode. - View Dependent Claims (14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22)
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23. An apparatus for electrochemically controlled stimulation of osteogenesis, wherein said apparatus comprises:
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a first electrode with a conductive exposure; a second electrode with a conductive exposure; an acquisition means for monitoring current and potential between said first electrode and said second electrode to ascertain the electrochemical behavior of said first electrode and said second electrode; an electrical signal means for producing an electrical signal between said first electrode and said second electrode; and a control means for applying initially and adjusting periodically said electrical signal between said first electrode and said second electrode to cause and maintain an electrochemical process of a first type at said first electrode but not an electrochemical process of a second type at said first electrode. - View Dependent Claims (24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32)
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Specification