Method and apparatus for performing optical measurements

• US 5,459,570 A
• Filed: 03/16/1993
• Issued: 10/17/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 04/29/1991
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Lin, Charles P., Puliafito, Carmen A., Swanson, Eric A., Schuman, Joseph S., Huang, David, Fujimoto, James G.
• Primary Examiner(s): Turner, Samuel A.
• Application Number:
  US08/033,194
• Time in Patent Office: 945 Days
• Field of Search: 356/345, 356/356, 356/358, 356/357, 356/355, 356/359, 356/360, 250/227.19, 250/227.27
• US Class Current: 356/479
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00096 Optical elements
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00172 with means for scanning
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00183 for variable viewing angles
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2562/0242 for varying or adjusting the optical path length in the tissue
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 3/102 for optical coherence tomography [OCT]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0064 Body surface scanning
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0066 Optical coherence imaging
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0068 Confocal scanning
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0084 for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters A61B5/1459 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/441 Skin evaluation, e.g. for skin disorder diagnosis
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/6852 Catheters
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 15/00 Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/00 Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/2441 using interferometry
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 2290/45 Multiple detectors for detecting interferometer signals
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 2290/65 Spatial scanning object beam
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 2290/70 Using polarization in the interferometer
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02002 using two or more frequencies
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/0201 using temporal phase variation
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02019 contacting different points on same face of object
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02027 : Two or more interferometric channels or interferometers
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02063 : by particular alignment of focus position, e.g. dynamic focussing in optical coherence tomography
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02087 : Combining two or more images of the same region
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/0209 : Low-coherence interferometers
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 1/00 : Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter spectrophotometry G01J3/00; specially adapted for radiation pyrometry G01J5/00 ; exposure meters built in cameras G03B17/06
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/4795 : spatially resolved investigating of object in scattering medium in vivo A61B
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 26/0875 : by means of one or more refracting elements
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 26/103 : having movable or deformable optical fibres, light guides or waveguides as scanning elements light guides per se G02B6/00
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/1828 : having means for producing variable diffraction controlling the direction of light by means of one or more diffracting elements G02B26/0808; acousto-optical elements G02F1/11, G02F1/33; electro- or magneto-optical diffraction G02F1/292, G02F1/2955
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 2007/0013 : for carriers having multiple discrete layers
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/141 : using a wavelength selective device, e.g. a grating or etalon H01S5/146 takes precedence

Abstract

A method and apparatus for performing various optical measurements is provided utilizing an optical coherence domain refrectometer (OCDR). A short coherence optical radiation source applies optical radiation through like optical paths to a sample and an optical reflector. The optical reflector is movable in accordance with a predetermined velocity profile to permit interferometric scanning of the sample, the resulting output having a Doppler shift frequency modulation. This output may be demodulated and detected to obtain desired measurements and other information. Additional information may be obtained by applying radiation from two or more sources at different wavelengths to the sample and reflector and by separately demodulating the resulting outputs before processing. Birefringent information may be obtained by polarizing the optical radiation used, by suitably modifying the polarization in the sample and reference paths and by dividing the output into orthogonal polarization outputs which are separately demodulated before processing.

Claims

1. A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising:

a short coherence length optical radiation source at a wavelength λ

;

a reference optical reflector;

a first optical path leading to said reflector;

a second optical path leading to said sample;

means for applying optical radiation from said source through the first optical path to said reflector and through the second optical path to the sample;

means for altering the relative lengths of said optical paths in accordance with a predetermined velocity profile, said profile providing for continuous alteration in said relative length at an instantaneous velocity V for each point on the profile in at least the region of said profile where said measurements are to be performed;

means for combining reflections from the reflector received through the first optical path and reflections from the sample received through the second optical path, the resulting combined optical output having interference fringes at length matched points on the two paths and having an instantaneous modulating frequency including a Doppler shift frequency at a frequency f_D= 2V/λ

;

means for demodulating said output; and

means for processing the demodulated output to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

2. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein there is a predominant low frequency noise for the system, wherein the velocity V is not sufficient to result in a Doppler shift frequency f_D which is higher than said predominant low frequency noise, wherein said means for altering includes means for causing a vibratory change at a frequency f_M in the length of at least one of said optical paths, and wherein said means for demodulating demodulates for a modulating frequency which is a selected combination of f_D and f_M.

3. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein there is a predominant low frequency noise for said system, wherein the velocity V is sufficiently high so that the Doppler shift frequency f_D is higher than said predominant low frequency noise, and wherein said modulating frequency is f_D.

4. A system as claimed in claim 3 wherein the velocity V is substantially uniform over said velocity profile, at least in the portion thereof over which measurements are being taken.

5. A system as claimed in claim 4 wherein said velocity profile is substantially a sawtooth profile having a ramp portion with a substantially uniform velocity V.

6. A system as claimed in claim 4 wherein said velocity profile is a substantially triangular velocity profile having two sides, at least one side of which is at said uniform velocity V, and wherein measurements are taken during movements along at least one side of said profile.

7. A system as claimed in claim 3 wherein said means for altering alters said first path length, wherein said velocity profile provides a velocity which is not uniform with time, resulting in variations in the instantaneous f_D, wherein said means for demodulating includes means for adapting to the f_D frequency variations, and including means for providing position information on alterations in said first path length to said means for processing.

8. A system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said demodulating means includes filter means for controlling the frequency band about said modulating frequency which is accepted by the means for demodulating, and wherein said means for adapting includes means for expanding the frequency band about said modulating frequency which is accepted by said means for demodulating.

9. A system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said means for adapting includes means for producing a signal having a frequency which varies substantially inversely with the variation in f_D caused by velocity variations, and means for mixing said signal with said output to obtain an output having a substantially constant modulating frequency.

10. A system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said velocity profile is substantially a sinewave profile.

11. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for demodulating includes a logrithmic amplifier for dynamic range compression.

12. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for demodulating includes a bandpass filter centered at said modulation frequency in a pass band which is roughly two to three times the output signal bandwidth of approximately V/CL, where CL is the coherent length of the source.

13. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein each of said optical paths include a single mode optical fiber, and means for coupling optical energy between the optical fiber and the reflector/sample at the end of the path.

14. A system as claimed in claim 13 wherein said fibers are polarization maintaining optical fibers.

15. A system as claimed in claim 1 including means for equalizing the group velocity dispersion in the two optical paths.

16. A system as claimed in claim 15 wherein said paths are formed utilizing single mode optical fibers of substantially equal length.

17. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein measurements are to be taken for a predetermined depth extent within the sample, and wheren the numerical aperture for the means coupling the sample and the optical fiber corresponds to a depth field equal to the said depth extent.

18. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for altering includes means for reciprocating the reflector in first and second directions substantially perpendicular to said first optical path, to, respectively, lengthen and shorten the path, measurements being taken when the reflector is moved in at least one of said directions.

19. A system as claimed in claim 18 wherein said reflector may wobble slightly as it is moved, wherein said first optical path includes an optical fiber and means for optically coupling between the fiber and the reflector, and including means for maintaining the reflector in alignment in spite of movement and wobble thereof.

20. A system as claimed in claim 19 wherein said reflector includes a corner-cube, said corner-cube functioning as said means for maintaining.

21. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said sample is a biological sample, said measurements being indicative of optical properties of the sample along the direction of application of the optical radiation.

22. A system as claimed in claim 21 wherein the biological sample is in the eye, the measurements being of selected optical properties in the eye.

23. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein measurements are being taken on at least one birefringent layer;

and

including means for polarizing the optical radiation from said source in a selected first direction, means for altering the polarization of the-radiation differently for radiation applied to said reflector and to said sample, said means for altering causing reflected radiation from the reflector to be polarized in a selected second direction and causing reflected radiation from the sample to be polarized in a direction dependent on the birefringence of said layer, the polarized reflected radiation from the reflector and sample being interferometrically combined, means for splitting and detecting the combined output as two outputs having orthogonal polarizations, means for separately processing the two outputs to obtain separate interferometric signals, and means for combining said interferometric signals to provide selected indications of birefringence.

24. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said optical source includes means for providing radiation at at least two different wavelengths λ

₁ and λ

₂, wherein said radiation at different wavelengths are absorbed and reflected differently by the sample resulting in at least a first combined optical output modulated at a frequency f₁, and a second combined optical output modulated at a frequency f₂, and wherein said means for demodulating includes separate demodulating means for each of said combined outputs.

25. A system as claimed in claim 24 wherein each of said means for demodulating includes means for filtering in a selected band centered at the appropriate modulated frequency f_n.

26. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said radiation source is selected from sources including light emitting diodes, superluminescent diodes, pulsed laser source, and incandescent light source.

27. A system as claimed in claim 1 including means for aligning the second optical path and said sample.

28. A system as claimed in claim 27 wherein said means for aligning includes means for angularly aligning, means for linearly aligning, and means for depth aligning.

29. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said second optical path terminates in a probe for applying a beam of said radiation to said sample, and including means for scanning said beam in transverse direction over said sample to generate an image having a plurality of dimensions.

30. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said optical paths are single mode fiber-optical paths, wherein said second optical path terminates in a probe, and including an endoscope in which said probe is mounted for probing internal body cavities.

31. A method for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising the steps of:

causing short coherence length optical radiation of a wavelength λ

to impinge on a reference reflector and on the sample through first and second optical paths, respectively;

altering the relative lengths of said paths in accordance with a predetermined velocity profile, said profile providing for continuous alteration in said relative length at an instantaneous velocity V for each point on the profile in at least the region of said profile where said measurements are to be performed;

combining reflections from the reflector received through the first optical path and reflections from the sample received through the second optical path, the resulting combined optical output having interference fringes at length matched points on the two paths and having an instantaneous modulating frequency including a Doppler shift frequency at a frequency f_D= 2V/λ

;

demodulating said output; and

processing the demodulated output to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

32. A method as claimed in claim 31 wherein said sample is a biological sample, said measurements being indicative of optical properties of the sample along the direction of application of the optical radiation.

33. A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample having at least one birefringent layer comprising:

a short coherence length optical radiation source at a wavelength λ

, said radiation being polarized in a first state;

means for defining a reference optical path and a sample optical path through which radiation from said source may bidirectionally pass;

means for altering the polarization of the radiation passing through at least one of said paths in a manner such that radiation from said source in said paths have different polarization states, reflected radiation from said sample having a polarization in a state which varies as a function of the birefringence of said layer;

means for interferometrically combining reflected radiation from said optical paths;

means for providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths for interferometrically combined radiation;

means for splitting and detecting the interferometrically combined output as two outputs having orthogonal polarization states;

means for separately processing the two outputs to obtain separate interferometric signals; and

means for combining said interferometric signals to provide a selected indication of birefringence profile.

34. A system as claimed in claim 33 wherein said optical paths are formed of polarization maintaining fibers, said reference optical path terminating in a reflector, and wherein said means for providing controlled variations controls the length of the reference path.

35. A system as claimed in claim 33 wherein said two outputs are a horizontal amplitude component and a vertical amplitude component, and wherein said means for combining includes means for utilizing said amplitude components to determine at least one of birefringent retardations in the sample and the amplitude of sample reflections.

36. A system as claimed in claim 33 wherein said two outputs are combined to provide polarization insensitive measurements.

37. A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising:

means for providing short coherence length optical radiation at at least two different wavelengths λ

₁ and λ

₂, at least one spectral characteristic of the sample being different between wavelengths λ

₁ and λ

₂ ;

means for defining a reference optical path and a sample optical path through which said radiation at different wavelengths may bidirectionally pass;

means for interferometrically combining reflected radiation from said optical paths, said means for combining having at least a first combined optical output modulated at a frequency f₁ and a second combined optical output modulated at a frequency f₂ ;

means for providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths for interferometrically combined radiation;

means for separately demodulating said first and said second combined optical outputs; and

means for processing the two outputs to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

38. A system as claimed in claim 37 wherein said reference optical path terminates in a reflector, and wherein the means for providing controlled variation controls the length of the reference path.

39. A system as claimed in claim 37 wherein said means for separately demodulating includes means for filtering each of said combined optical outputs in a selected band centered at the appropriate modulated frequency.

40. A method for optically measuring a microstructural feature of selected biological tissue comprising the steps of:

generating a short coherence length optical signal at a selected wavelength;

passing said signal through a reference optical path and through a sample optical path terminating at said biological tissue, said paths being bidirectional to also pass reflected radiation;

interferometrically combining reflected optical signals from said optical paths;

providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths of the interferometrically combined beams;

detecting the results of said interferometrically combining step; and

processing the result of the detecting step to obtain information concerning said microstructural feature.

41. A method as claimed in claim 40 wherein said biological tissue is occular tissue located in a patient'"'"'s eye, said sample optical path terminating within the patient'"'"'s eye, and the reflected radiation interferometrically combined including that from said occular tissue.

42. A method as claimed in claim 41 wherein said selected biological tissue is at least one of subretinal tissue, retinal tissue, and optic nerve tissue of a patient'"'"'s eye, said sample optical path terminating within the patient'"'"'s eye, and the reflected radiation interferometrically combined including that from said tissue of the patient'"'"'s eye.

43. A method as claimed in claim 42 wherein said method is a method of measuring retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and wherein the reflected radiation interferometrically combined includes that from said retinal nerve fiber layer.

44. A method as claimed in claim 40 wherein said biological tissue is a birefringent tissue layer;

wherein said generating step generates an optical signal which is polarized in a first state; and

including the step of altering the polarization state for the radiation passing through at least one of said paths in a manner such that the signal from said generating step in said paths have different polarization states, reflected radiation from said birefringant tissue layer having a polarization in a state which varies as a function of the birefringence of such layer;

said detecting step including the step of splitting the interferometrically combined output into two outputs having orthogonal polarization states; and

said processing step including the steps of separately processing the two outputs to obtain separate interferometric signals, and combining the interferometric signals to provide information concerning the structure of said tissue layer.

45. A method as claimed in claim 44 wherein said biological tissue is birefringent occular tissue of a patient'"'"'s eye, said sample optical path terminating at the patient'"'"'s eye and the reflected radiation interferometrically combined including that from said occular tissue.

46. A method as claimed in claim 45 wherein said method is a method of measuring retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, said retinal nerve fiber layer being a birefringent layer and wherein the reflected radiation interferometrically combined including that from said retinal nerve fiber layer.

47. A method as claimed in claim 44 wherein said method is a method of measuring retinal nerve axon density, the retinal nerve fiber layer being a birefringent layer, and wherein said processing step includes the step of determining the rate of change in birefringent retardation with nerve fiber layer thickness.

48. A method as claimed in claim 40 wherein said generating step includes the step of generating short coherence length optical radiation at at least two different wavelengths λ

₁ and λ

₂, at least one spectral characteristic of the biological tissue being different between the wavelengths λ

₁ and λ

₂ ;

wherein said interferometrically combining step includes the steps of providing a first combined optical output modulated at a frequency f₁ and a second combined optical output modulated at a frequency f₂ ;

wherein said detecting step includes the steps of separately demodulating said first and second combined optical outputs; and

wherein said processing step includes the step of processing the two outputs to obtain information concerning said microstructural feature.

49. A method as claimed in claim 48 wherein the demodulating step includes the step of filtering in a selected band centered at the appropriate modulated frequency.

50. A method as claimed in claim 48 wherein said processing step includes the step of utilizing a detected difference in spectral characteristics of a sample at different wavelengths to determine at least one of a material of the sample and a property of a sample material.

51. A method as claimed in claim 48 wherein said sample is formed of at least two layers which are composed of material having different spectral characteristics at at least one of the wavelengths λ

₁ and λ

₂, and wherein said processing step includes the step of utilizing a detected difference in spectral characteristics for a sample at different wavelengths to determine the boundary between said layers.