Automatic alignment of objects in two-dimensional and three-dimensional display space using an alignment field gradient

• US 5,463,722 A
• Filed: 07/23/1993
• Issued: 10/31/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 07/23/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Apple Computer Incorporated (Apple Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Apple Computer Incorporated (Apple Inc.)
• Inventors: Venolia, Daniel S.
• Primary Examiner(s): Jankus, Almis R.
• Application Number:
  US08/096,629
• Time in Patent Office: 830 Days
• Field of Search: 395/119, 395/120, 395/121, 395/122, 395/133-139, 395/155, 395/161, 345/157, 345/158, 345/163, 345/164, 364/559, 364/496
• US Class Current: 345/662
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/04845 for image manipulation, e.g. dragging, rotation, expansion or change of colour
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 19/20 Editing of 3D images, e.g. changing shapes or colours, aligning objects or positioning parts
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2219/2004 Aligning objects, relative positioning of parts

Abstract

A method and apparatus for automatic alignment of manipulated objects in two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphic space. The present invention provides an alignment field gradient which emanates from objects surrounding the manipulated object(s). As a user manipulates an object, the present invention attracts the manipulated object into an aligned position and orientation with another object(s) in the displayed three-dimensional display space. The present invention provides alignment of all combinations of vertices, edges and planar faces for three-dimensional polyhedral objects and for all combinations of vertices and edges for two-dimensional polygonal objects.

Claims

1. A method for aligning a first object to a second object in a computer system comprising a processor, memory, display and graphic object controller, the method comprising:

a) displaying the first object and the second object on the computer display;

b) displaying a cursor on the computer display, said cursor coupled to the graphic object controller;

c) selecting with the cursor coupled to the graphic object controller the first object displayed on the computer display;

d) manipulating with the graphic object controller the first object displayed on the computer display towards the second object displayed on the computer display;

e) providing an alignment field gradient emanating from the second object; and

f) aligning the first object to the second object in accordance with the alignment field gradient.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of aligning starts when the first object is manipulated with the graphic object controller to within a first predetermined distance from the second object and finishes when the first object is manipulated with the graphic object controller to within a second predetermined distance from the second object wherein the second predetermined distance is smaller than the first predetermined distance.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of aligning further comprises displacing the position of the first object from the position of the cursor coupled to the graphic object controller according to a strength of the alignment field gradient.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of aligning the first object to the second object comprises aligning one feature of the first object to one feature of the second object wherein a feature can be any element of the set comprised of an object'"'"'s vertices and edges in the case of a two-dimensional object and vertices, edges and faces in the case of a three-dimensional object.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein vertex features are aligned before edge features and edge features are aligned before face features.

6. The method of claim 5 further comprising displaying the cursor inside the first object when the first object is selected.

7. The method of claim 6 further comprising displaying an axis indicator when the cursor is inside of and near the center of the first object.

8. The method of claim 7 further comprising displaying a displacement indicator between the axis indicator and the cursor inside the first object during the step of aligning.

9. The method of claim 3 wherein a strength of the alignment field gradient is the cubic of the result of dividing the difference between the first predetermined distance and the current distance between the first object and the second object and the difference between the first predetermined distance and the second predetermined distance.

10. The method of claim 3 further comprising the step of generating a sound effect corresponding to a strength of the alignment field gradient exerted on the first object.

11. The method of claim 3 wherein the first object is comprised of one or more objects and the second object is comprised more than one object.

12. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of manipulating the first object causes translation and rotation of the first object when the cursor is near a boundary of the first object.

13. The method of claim 4 further comprising displaying a visual indicator of the alignment field gradient between the first object and the second object during the step of aligning.

14. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of manipulating the first object causes translation of the first object when the cursor is inside of and near the center of the first object.

15. The method of claim 6 further comprising displaying the first object as translucent.

16. An apparatus for aligning a first object to a second object in a computer system comprising a processor, memory, display and graphic object controller, the apparatus comprising:

a) means for displaying the first object and the second object on the computer display;

b) means for displaying a cursor on the computer display, said cursor coupled to the graphic object controller;

c) means for selecting with the cursor coupled to the graphic object controller the first object displayed on the computer display;

d) means for manipulating with the graphic object controller the first object displayed on the computer display towards the second object displayed on the computer display;

e) means for providing an alignment field gradient emanating from the second object; and

f) means for aligning the first object to the second object in accordance with the alignment field gradient.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the means for aligning starts aligning the first object to the second object when the first object is manipulated with the graphic object controller to within a first predetermined distance from the second object and finishes aligning the first object to the second object when the first object is manipulated with the graphic object controller to within a second predetermined distance from the second object wherein the second predetermined distance is smaller than the first predetermined distance.

18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the means for aligning further comprises means for displacing the position of the first object from the position of the cursor coupled to the graphic object controller according to a strength of the alignment field gradient.

19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the means for aligning the first object to the second object comprises means for aligning one feature of the first object to one feature of the second object wherein a feature can be any element of the set comprised of an object'"'"'s vertices and edges in the case of a two-dimensional object and vertices, edges and faces in the case of a three-dimensional object.

20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the means for aligning one feature of the first object to one feature of the second object aligns vertex features before edge features and aligns edge features before face features.

21. The apparatus of claim 20 further comprising means for displaying the cursor inside the first object when the first object is selected.

22. The method of claim 21 further comprising means for displaying an axis indicator when the cursor is inside of and near the center of the first object.

23. The method of claim 22 further comprising means for displaying a displacement indicator between the axis indicator and the cursor inside the first object when the first object is being aligned to the second object.

24. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein a strength of the alignment field gradient is the cubic of the result of dividing the difference between the first predetermined distance and the current distance between the first object and the second object and the difference between the first predetermined distance and the second predetermined distance.

25. The apparatus of claim 18 further comprising means for generating a sound effect corresponding to a strength of the alignment field gradient exerted on the first object.

26. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the first object is comprised of one or more objects and the second object is comprised of more than one object.

27. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the means for manipulating the first object causes translation and rotation of the first object when the cursor is near a boundary of the first object.

28. The apparatus of claim 19 further comprising means for displaying a visual indicator of the alignment field gradient between the first object and the second object when the first object is being aligned to the second object.

29. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the means for manipulating the first object causes translation of the first object when the cursor is inside of and near the center of the first object.

30. The apparatus of claim 21 further comprising means for displaying the first object as translucent.

31. A method for aligning a displayed representation of an object comprising the steps of:

(a) displaying a representation of a first object in an initial position on a display screen, the display screen under the control of a processor;

(b) displaying a representation of a second object on the display screen;

(c) moving the representation of the first object toward the second object in a visually continuous manner using a cursor whose position is controlled by a cursor movement mechanism;

(d) calculating a current position for the first object which is displaced from a cursor dictated position by an amount which is determined as if the first object was under the gradual influence of an alignment field emanating from the second object; and

(e) displaying a representation of the first object on the display screen in the current position.

32. An apparatus for aligning a displayed representation of an object comprising:

(a) means for displaying a representation of a first object in an initial position on a display screen, the display screen under the control of a processor;

(b) means for displaying a representation of a second object on the display screen;

(c) means for moving the representation of the first object toward the second object in a visually continuous manner using a cursor whose position is controlled by a cursor movement mechanism;

(d) means for calculating a current position for the first object which is displaced form a cursor dictated position by an amount which is determined as if the first object was under the gradual influence of an alignment field emanating from the second object; and

(e) means for displaying a representation of the first object on the display screen in the current position.

33. A method for aligning a first object to a second object in a computer system comprising a processor, memory, display and graphic object controller, the method comprising:

a) displaying the first object and the second object on the display of the computer system;

b) displaying a cursor on the display of the computer system wherein the cursor defines a cursor position on the display of the computer system, said cursor coupled to the graphic object controller;

c) selecting with the cursor coupled to the graphic object controller the first object displayed on the display of the computer system;

d) manipulating with the graphic object controller the selected first object displayed on the display of the computer system;

e) providing an alignment field gradient emanating from the second object displayed on the display of the computer system; and

,

f) aligning the manipulated first object displayed on the display of the computer system with the second object displayed on the display of the computer system wherein when the manipulated first object is manipulated with the graphic object controller to within a first predetermined distance from the second object the displayed location of the manipulated first object on the display of the computer system is gradually shifted away from the cursor position and towards the displayed location of the second object on the display of the computer system and when the manipulated first object is manipulated with the graphic object controller to within a second predetermined distance from the second object the displayed location of the manipulated first object on the display of the computer system is gradually shifted away from the cursor position and into alignment with the displayed location of the second object on the display of the computer system.

34. An apparatus for aligning a first object to a second object in a computer system comprising a processor, memory, display and graphic object controller, the apparatus comprising:

a) means for displaying the first object and the second object on the display of the computer system;

b) means for displaying a cursor on the display of the computer system wherein the cursor defines a cursor position on the display of the computer system, said cursor coupled to the graphic object controller;

c) means for selecting with the cursor coupled to the graphic object controller the first object displayed on the display of the computer system;

d) means for manipulating with the graphic object controller the selected first object displayed on the display of the computer system;

e) means for providing an alignment field gradient emanating from the second object displayed on the display of the computer system; and

,

f) means for aligning the manipulated first object displayed on the display of the computer system with the second object displayed on the display of the computer system wherein when the manipulated first object is manipulated with the graphic object controller to within a first predetermined distance from the second object the displayed location of the manipulated first object on the display of the computer system is gradually shifted away from the cursor position and towards the displayed location of the second object on the display of the computer system and when the manipulated first object is manipulated with the graphic object controller to within a second predetermined distance from the second object the displayed location of the manipulated first object on the display of the computer system is gradually shifted away from the cursor position and into alignment with the displayed location of the second object on the display of the computer system.