Multiple-element driven array antenna and phasing method

• US 5,479,176 A
• Filed: 10/21/1994
• Issued: 12/26/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 10/21/1994
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Google Inc. (Alphabet Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Metricom, Inc.
• Inventors: Zavrel, Jr., Robert J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Blum, Theodore M.
• Application Number:
  US08/327,090
• Time in Patent Office: 431 Days
• Field of Search: 342/374, 342/434, 342/435, 342/403, 343/799
• US Class Current: 342/374
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 3/242 Circumferential scanning

Abstract

An antenna array for direction-agile applications, such as r.f. packet mesh networks, employs a plurality of quarter-wave radiators disposed normally to a ground plane on a dielectric backing and switching elements for selecting a desired receiving direction and transmission direction and minimizing interference from signals in opposing directions. A control system selects and switches direction rapidly enough to receive and transmit digipeating signals in selected different directions using the phasing and switching elements. A specific embodiment employs eight radiators of 0.2625 electrical wavelengths (quarter wave plus 5%) disposed equidistant along a circle within a circular ground plane in a pattern which is 1/4 wavelength from the outer boundary of the ground plane, each radiator being disposed at least 0.15 wavelengths to about 0.25 wavelengths from adjacent radiators in a circular pattern. The antenna is characterized by eight electronically switchable radiating directions (at 45° intervals) with at least 20 dB front to back ratio and a 3 dB beamwidth of 64°. Pairs of radiators form parasitic elements, driven elements and reflectors with spacing selected as a modest compromise from the ideal spacing to allow electronically selectable directionality using identically-spaced elements acting as driven elements, parasitic elements and reflector elements. The driven elements are slightly reactively fed.

Claims

1. A multiple-element array antenna system comprising:

a conductive ground plane base having an outer boundary;

eight equal-length radiating elements of at least one-quarter wavelength electrical length at a selected operating frequency, each said radiating element being disposed with a first end adjacent said ground plane and a second end protruding normal to said ground plane, each said radiating element being arranged equidistant along on a circle within said conductive ground plane, said circle being disposed at least one quarter wavelength from said outer boundary in an equally space pattern, wherein two of said radiating elements are selectable as type 1 elements and two of said radiating elements are selectable as type 2 elements, while unused elements are effectively electrically isolated, wherein said two type 1 elements are driven elements and are spaced from one another by three element positions in one circular direction and five element positions in the opposing circular direction on said circle, wherein said two type 2 are spaced from one another by three element positions in one circular direction and five element positions in the opposing circular direction on said circle, and wherein each said driven element is spaced by one element position from one of said type 2 elements;

a plurality of feed means, each said feed means being electrically coupled to corresponding element feedpoints at said first ends; and

switching means for gating r.f. energy to selected ones of said feed means;

said pattern of said radiating elements and said switching means governing a preselected switchable radiating pattern having a maximized front-to-back ratio.

2. The antenna system according to claim 1 wherein said type 2 elements are reflector elements.

3. The antenna system according to claim 2 wherein said radiating elements are of length which is slightly greater than one quarter of an electrical wavelength of said radiators.

4. The antenna system according to claim 3 wherein said antenna is a parasitic array configuration, wherein said type 2 elements are reflector elements and wherein length of said radiating elements is chosen as an optimum for said reflector elements.

5. The antenna system according to claim 3 wherein said antenna system is a phased array configuration, wherein said type 2 elements are also driven elements, said type 2 driven elements being restrained to be driven in quadrature phase to said type 1 driven elements

6. The antenna system according to claim 1 wherein said switching means comprises a set of electronic switches.

7. The antenna system according to claim 1 wherein said switching means comprises a set of mechanical switches.

8. The antenna system according to claim 1 wherein said antenna is a parasitic configuration and wherein said switching means is configured to select electrical connection at a base of each radiating elements between a feed for a driven element function, a short-to-ground for a reflector element function and an open circuit for unused function.

9. The antenna system according to claim 8 wherein said feed means includes a transmission line segment, said transmission line segment matching said driven elements with a central feedpoint.

10. The antenna system according to claim 1 wherein said antenna is a phased array configuration and wherein said switching means is configured to select electrical connection at a base of each radiating elements between a zero-degree phase input feed, a ninety-degree phase input feed and an open circuit for a non-operational function.

11. A method for receiving and transmitting r.f. energy using a multiple-element array antenna system, said antenna system comprising a conductive ground plane base having an outer boundary;

eight equal-length radiating elements of at least one-quarter wavelength electrical length at a selected operating frequency, each said radiating element being disposed with a first end adjacent said ground plane and a second end protruding normal to said ground plane, each said radiating elements being arranged equidistant along on a circle within said conductive ground plane, said circle being disposed at least one quarter wavelength from said outer boundary in an equally spaced pattern, wherein two of said radiating elements are selectable as type 1 elements and two of said radiating elements are selectable as type 2 elements, while unused elements are effectively electrically isolated, wherein said two type 1 elements are driven elements and are spaced from one another by three element positions in one circular direction and five element positions in the opposing circular direction on said circle, wherein said two type 2 are spaced from one another by three element positions in one circular direction and five element positions in the opposing circular direction on said circle, and wherein each said driven element is spaced by one element position from one of said type 2 elements;

a plurality of feed means, each said feed means being electrically coupled to corresponding element feedpoints at said first ends; and

switching means for gating r.f. energy to selected ones of said feed means;

said pattern of said radiating elements and said switching means governing a preselected switchable radiating pattern having a maximized front-to-back ratio, said method comprising;

activating first pairs of switching means to establish directionality of a first direction for said antenna array;

receiving an r.f. signal from said first direction;

thereafter

activating second pairs of switching means while deactivating said first pairs to establish directionality of a second direction; and

transmitting a representation of said r.f. signal in said second direction.

12. The method according to claim 11 wherein said activating steps comprise establishing parasitic configurations.

13. The method according to claim 11 wherein said activating steps comprise establishing phased array configurations.