Control circuit and method for maintaining high efficiency over broad current ranges in a switching regulator circuit

• US 5,481,178 A
• Filed: 03/23/1993
• Issued: 01/02/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 03/23/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Analog Devices International Unlimited Company (Analog Devices, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Linear Technology Corporation (Analog Devices, Inc.)
• Inventors: Flatness, Randy G., Wilcox, Milton E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Wong, Peter S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Riley, Shawn
• Application Number:
  US08/036,047
• Time in Patent Office: 1,015 Days
• Field of Search: 323/259, 323/344, 323/271, 323/268, 323/275, 323/285, 323/350, 323/274, 323/277, 323/287, 323/284, 323/224
• US Class Current: 323/287
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/0032 Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/156 with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/1588 comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element H02M3/1582, H02M3/1584 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/10 Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

A circuit and method for controlling a switching voltage regulator having (1) a switch including one or more switching transistors and (2) an output adapted to supply current at a regulated voltage to a load including an output capacitor. The circuit and method generates a control signal to turn said one or more switching transistors OFF under operating conditions when the voltage at the output is capable of being maintained substantially at the regulated voltage by the charge on the output capacitor. Such a circuit and method increases the efficiency of the regulator circuit particularly at low average current levels.

Claims

1. A circuit for controlling a switching voltage regulator, the regulator having (1) a switch circuit coupled to receive an input voltage and including a pair of synchronously switched switching transistors and (2) an output circuit including an output terminal and an output capacitor coupled thereto for supplying current at a regulated voltage to a load, the control circuit comprising:

a first circuit for monitoring a signal from the output terminal to generate a first feedback signal;

a second circuit for generating a first control signal during a first state of circuit operation, the first control signal being responsive to the first feedback signal to vary the duty cycle of the switching transistors to maintain the output terminal at the regulated voltage; and

a third circuit for generating a second control signal during a second state of circuit operation to cause both switching transistors to be simultaneously OFF for a period of time if a sensed condition of the regulator indicates that the current supplied to the load falls below a threshold fraction of maximum rated output current for the regulator, whereby operating efficiency of the regulator at low output current levels is improved.

2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the second control signal is generated in response to the first feedback signal.

3. The circuit of claim 2 wherein the circuit changes from the second to the first state of operation in response to the magnitude of the first feedback signal falling below a first threshold level.

4. The circuit of claim 3 wherein the circuit changes from the first to the second state of operation in response to the magnitude of the first feedback signal exceeding a second threshold level greater than the first threshold level.

5. The circuit of claim 4, wherein the first feedback signal is a voltage feedback signal and the third circuit includes a voltage comparator having hysteresis.

6. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the current consumed by the switching voltage regulator is reduced during the second state of operation.

7. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the second circuit includes:

a one-shot circuit for generating first and second levels of the first control signal during a switch cycle, wherein the first level causes the switch circuit to couple the input voltage to a node of the output circuit, and the second level causes the switch circuit to couple the node of the output circuit to ground.

8. The circuit of claim 7, wherein the second level is generated for a predetermined time period.

9. The circuit of claim 8, wherein the second circuit includes a fourth circuit for monitoring the current supplied to the output terminal to generate a current feedback signal.

10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein the switch is adapted to be coupled to an inductor and the fourth circuit monitors the inductor current to generate the current feedback signal.

11. The circuit of claim 10, wherein the fourth circuit compares the current feedback signal to a reference current value and triggers the one-shot circuit when the current feedback signal exceeds the reference current value.

12. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the fourth circuit includes a current comparator for triggering the one-shot circuit, the current comparator having a first input coupled to receive the current feedback signal and a second input coupled to a current source for providing the reference current value.

13. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the current source includes:

a transconductance amplifier supplying a current substantially proportional to the difference in voltage between the first feedback signal and a constant voltage; and

a constant current source coupled in parallel with the transconductance amplifier.

14. The circuit of claim 7, wherein second level is generated for a time period dependent upon the input voltage.

15. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the switch is coupled to an inductor, and wherein the second level is generated for a time period that is decreased in response to a decrease in the input voltage, whereby the oscillation frequency of the ripple current through said inductor is increased from an audible frequency to one that does not generate substantial user noise.

16. The circuit of claim 7, wherein the second level is generated for a time period that is dependent upon the voltage at the load.

17. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the switch is coupled to an inductor, and wherein the second level is generated for a time period that is increased in response to a decrease in the voltage at the load, whereby the total decrease in current through said inductor during the time period the second level is generated remains substantially constant.

18. The circuit of claim 7, wherein the one-shot circuit is maintained substantially OFF during the second state of operation, whereby the efficiency of the switching regulator circuit is increased as the circuit changes from the first to the second state of operation.

19. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the current comparator is maintained substantially OFF during the second state of operation, whereby the efficiency of the switching regulator circuit is increased as the circuit changes from the first to the second state of operation.

20. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the third circuit includes a user-activated switch and wherein the second control signal is generated in response to activation of the user switch.

21. The circuit of claim 20, wherein:

the second circuit includes a transconductance amplifier supplying a current substantially proportional to the difference in voltage between the feedback signal and a constant voltage during the first state of operation; and

wherein activation of the user switch introduces hysteresis into the transconductance amplifier.

22. The circuit of claim 20, wherein the second circuit includes:

a one-shot circuit for generating first and second levels of the first control signal during a switch cycle, wherein the first level causes the switch circuit to couple the input voltage to a node of the output circuit, and the second level causes the switch circuit to couple the node of the output circuit to ground.

23. The circuit of claim 22, wherein the second level is generated for a predetermined time period.

24. The circuit of claim 23, wherein the second circuit includes a fourth circuit for monitoring the current supplied to the output terminal to generate a current feedback signal.

25. The circuit of claim 24, wherein the fourth circuit compares the current feedback signal to a reference current value and triggers the one-shot circuit when the current feedback signal exceeds the reference current value.

26. The circuit of claim 22, wherein the second level is generated for a time period that is dependent upon the input voltage.

27. The circuit of claim 26, wherein the switch is coupled to an inductor, and wherein the second period of time is decreased in response to a decrease in the input voltage, whereby the oscillation frequency of the ripple current through said inductor is increased from an audible frequency to one that does not generate substantial user noise.

28. The circuit of claim 22, wherein the second level is generated for a time period that is dependent upon the voltage at the load.

29. The circuit of claim 28, wherein the switch is coupled to an inductor, and wherein the second level is generated for a time period that is increased in response to a decrease in the voltage at the load, whereby the total decrease in current through said inductor during the time period the second level is generated remains substantially constant.

30. The circuit of claim 22, wherein the one-shot circuit is maintained substantially OFF during the second state of operation, whereby the efficiency of the switching regulator circuit is increased as the circuit changes from the first to the second state of operation.

31. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the circuit is adapted for controlling a switching voltage regulator circuit having first and second switching transistors coupled in series between an input voltage and ground, wherein the first and second switching transistors are commonly coupled to the output circuit, and wherein the input voltage is higher than the voltage at the load, whereby the switching voltage regulator is a step-down voltage regulator.

32. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the circuit is adapted for controlling a switching voltage regulator circuit wherein the input voltage is lower than the voltage at the load, whereby the switching voltage regulator is a step-up voltage regulator.

33. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the circuit is adapted for controlling a switching voltage regulator circuit wherein the input voltage has an opposite polarity than the voltage at the load, whereby the switching voltage regulator is a polarity-inversing voltage regulator.

43. The method of claim 2, wherein the switching voltage regulator includes a current comparator for triggering the one-shot circuit and wherein step (c) includes the step of maintaining the current comparator substantially OFF during the second state of operation.

34. A circuit for controlling a switching voltage regulator, the regulator having (1) a switch circuit coupled to receive an input voltage and including a pair of synchronously switched switching transistors and (2) an output circuit including an output terminal and an output capacitor coupled thereto for supplying current at a regulated voltage to a load, the control circuit comprising:

a first means for generating a voltage feedback signal indicative of the voltage at the output;

a second means for generating a first control signal during a first state of circuit operation, the first control signal being responsive to the voltage feedback signal to vary the duty cycle of the switching transistors to maintain the output terminal at the regulated voltage; and

a third means for generating a second control signal during a second state of circuit operation to cause both switching transistors to be simultaneously OFF for a period of time if a sensed condition of the regulator indicates that the current supplied to the load falls below a threshold fraction of maximum rated output current for the regulator, the period of time having a duration which is a function of the current supplied to the load by the regulator.

35. The circuit of claim 34, wherein the third means includes a voltage comparator having hysteresis.

36. The circuit of claim 34, wherein the second means includes:

a one-shot circuit for generating first and second levels of the first control signal during a switch cycle, wherein the first level causes the switch circuit to couple the input voltage to a node of the output circuit, and the second level causes the switch circuit to couple the node of the output circuit to ground.

37. The circuit of claim 36, wherein the second means includes a fourth means for monitoring the current supplied to the output terminal to generate a current feedback signal.

38. The circuit of claim 37, wherein the fourth means compares the current feedback signal to a reference current value and triggers the one-shot circuit when the current feedback signal exceeds the reference current value.

39. The circuit of claim 38, wherein the fourth means includes a current comparator for triggering the one-shot circuit, the current comparator having a first input coupled to receive the current feedback signal and a second input coupled to a current source for providing the reference current value.

40. The circuit of claim 39, wherein the current source includes:

a transconductance amplifier supplying a current substantially proportional to the difference in voltage between the feedback signal and a constant voltage; and

a constant current source coupled in parallel with the transconductance amplifier.

41. A method for controlling a switching voltage regulator, the regulator having (1) a switch circuit coupled to receive an input voltage and including a pair of synchronously switched switching transistors and (2) an output circuit including an output terminal and an output capacitor coupled thereto for supplying current at a regulated voltage to a load, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) monitoring a signal from the output terminal to generate a first feedback signal;

(b) varying the duty cycle of the switching transistors in response to the first feedback signal to maintain the output terminal at the regulated voltage during a first state of circuit operation;

(c) turning both switching transistors simultaneously OFF for a period of time during a second state of circuit operation following the first state of circuit operation, so as to allow the output capacitor to maintain the output substantially at the regulated voltage by discharging during the second state of circuit operation, the period of time beginning when the current supplied to the load falls below a threshold fraction of maximum rated output current for the regulator, and having a duration which is a function of the current supplied to the load by the regulator; and

(d) turning at least one of said switching transistors ON to recharge the output capacitor following the second state of circuit operation.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the switching voltage regulator includes a one-shot circuit for varying the duty cycle of the switching transistors and wherein step (c) includes the step of maintaining the one-shot circuit substantially OFF during the second state of operation.

44. A circuit for controlling a switching voltage regulator, the regulator having (1) a switch circuit coupled to receive an input voltage and including a pair of synchronously switched switching transistors and (2) an output circuit including an output terminal and an output inductor coupled thereto for supplying current at a regulated voltage to a load, the circuit comprising:

a first circuit for monitoring a signal from the output terminal to generate a first feedback signal;

a second circuit for generating a first control signal during a first state of circuit operation, the first control signal being responsive to the first feedback signal to vary the duty cycle of the switching transistors to maintain the output terminal at the regulated voltage; and

a third circuit for monitoring the current to the output terminal to generate a second control signal during a second state of circuit operation when the monitored current compares in a predetermined manner to a threshold indicative of a polarity reversal condition in the output inductor, said second state causing one of said switching transistors to be maintained OFF, such that the switch circuit is prevented from coupling the output circuit to ground.

45. The circuit of claim 44 wherein the third circuit monitors the current through the inductor to generate the second control signal when the magnitude of the inductor current falls below the current threshold.

46. The circuit of claim 44 wherein the third circuit prevents reversals in polarity of the current through the inductor.

47. The circuit of claim 46, wherein the first feedback signal is a voltage feedback signal and the third circuit includes a current comparator for comparing the monitored current to the current threshold.

48. The circuit of claim 47, wherein the current consumed by the switching voltage regulator is reduced during the second state of operation.

49. The circuit of claim 44, wherein the second circuit includes:

a one-shot circuit for generating first and second levels of the first control signal during a switch cycle, wherein the first level causes the switch circuit to couple the input voltage to a node of the output circuit, and the second level causes the switch circuit to couple the node of the output circuit to ground.

50. The circuit of claim 49, wherein the second level is generated for a predetermined time period.

51. A method for controlling a switching voltage regulator, the regulator having (1) a switch circuit coupled to receive an input voltage and including a pair of synchronously switched switching transistors and (2) an output circuit including an output terminal and an output inductor coupled thereto for supplying current at a regulated voltage to a load, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) monitoring a signal from the output terminal to generate a first feedback signal;

(b) varying the duty cycle of the switching transistors in response to the first feedback signal to maintain the output terminal at the regulated voltage during a first state of circuit operation, wherein the current to the load has a polarity; and

(c) maintaining one of said switching transistors OFF for a period of time following the first state of circuit operation to de-couple the output circuit from ground during the period of time so as to prevent the current to the load from reversing polarity.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein step (c) includes step (d) of monitoring the current to the output terminal and detecting when the current falls below a current threshold.

53. The method of claim 52 wherein step (d) includes monitoring the current through the inductor.

54. The circuit of claim 53, wherein the current consumed by the switching voltage regulator is reduced during the second state of operation.

55. A circuit for controlling a switching voltage regulator, the regulator having (1) a switch circuit coupled to receive an input voltage and including a pair of synchronously switched switching transistors and (2) an output circuit including an output terminal and an output capacitor coupled thereto for supplying current at a regulated voltage to a load, the control circuit comprising:

drive circuitry for the pair of synchronously switched switching transistor;

feedback circuitry, coupled to the drive circuitry to control the duty cycle of the pair of synchronously switched switching transistors, the feedback circuitry forming a feedback path in the regulator between the output circuit and the drive circuitry by which feedback information indicative of the current supplied to the load by the regulator conditions the duty cycle of the pair of synchronously switched switching transistors; and

logic circuitry, coupled to the feedback circuitry and the drive circuitry, which prevents the drive circuitry from turning on either of the pair of synchronously switched switching transistors if the feedback information indicates that the current supplied to the load by the regulator falls below selected sleep mode current level, wherein the synchronously switched switching transistors are prevented from being turned on for a period of time that is a function of the current supplied to the load by the regulator.

56. The circuit of claim 55 wherein:

the output circuit includes an inductor coupled to the pair of synchronously switched switching transistors and the output terminal;

the feedback information includes a first feedback signal derived by sensing current conducted between the inductor and the output terminal and a second feedback signal derived by sensing voltage at the output terminal; and

the feedback circuitry includes a comparator circuit that compares the first feedback signal to an error signal generated from the second feedback signal to control switching between the pair of synchronously switched switching transistors, and a threshold circuit that sets a minimum inductor current value at which the drive circuitry switches between transistors.

57. An improved circuit for controlling a switching voltage regulator, the regulator having (1) a switch circuit coupled to receive an input voltage and including a pair of synchronously switched switching transistors and (2) an output circuit including an output terminal and an output capacitor coupled thereto for supplying current at a regulated voltage to a load, and wherein the control circuit varies the duty cycle of the switching transistors to maintain the output terminal at the regulated voltage, the improvement comprising:

circuitry incorporated in the control circuit for detecting a condition in the output circuit indicative of the current supplied to the load falling below a threshold fraction of maximum rated output current for the regulator and for turning off both switching transistors simultaneously for a period of time if the supplied current falls below the threshold, the period of time having a duration which is a function of the current supplied to the load by the regulator.