Radar transponder apparatus and signal processing technique

• US 5,486,830 A
• Filed: 04/06/1994
• Issued: 01/23/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 04/06/1994
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: United States Department of Energy
• Original Assignee: United States Department of Energy
• Inventors: Axline, Robert M. Jr., Sloan, George R., Spalding, Richard E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Pihulic, Daniel T.
• Application Number:
  US08/223,799
• Time in Patent Office: 657 Days
• Field of Search: 342/42, 342/43, 342/44, 342/50, 342/51
• US Class Current: 342/43
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/74 Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/767 Responders; Transponders teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying using reflecting targets or active targets F41G3/26
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/90 using synthetic aperture techniques , e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques

Abstract

An active, phase-coded, time-grating transponder and a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) and signal processor means, in combination, allow the recognition and location of the transponder (tag) in the SAR image and allow communication of information messages from the transponder to the SAR. The SAR is an illuminating radar having special processing modifications in an image-formation processor to receive an echo from a remote transponder, after the transponder receives and retransmits the SAR illuminations, and to enhance the transponder'"'"'s echo relative to surrounding ground clutter by recognizing special transponder modulations from phase-shifted from the transponder retransmissions. The remote radio-frequency tag also transmits information to the SAR through a single antenna that also serves to receive the SAR illuminations. Unique tag-modulation and SAR signal processing techniques, in combination, allow the detection and precise geographical location of the tag through the reduction of interfering signals from ground clutter, and allow communication of environmental and status information from said tag to be communicated to said SAR.

Claims

1. A transponding apparatus comprising:

a) signal receiving means for receiving an illuminating signal from a radar source located on an airborne platform;

b) frequency conditioning means coupled to said receiving means for phase-shifting said illuminating signal into a phase-shifted transponder signal; and

c) transmitting means coupled to said frequency conditioning means for transmitting said phase-shifted transponder signal to an rf receiving means at said airborne platform;

wherein said transponding apparatus is capable of amplitude-gating and phase-coding said phase-shifted transponder signal with a number of prescribed and/or informational pulse sequences for retransmission to said rf receiving means at said airborne platform.

2. The invention of claim 1, wherein illumination signals received by said transponding apparatus are phase-code modulated, pulse-by-pulse, by said frequency conditioning means using a prescribed code provided by said transponding apparatus.

3. The invention of claim 2, wherein said prescribed code is phase-shifted.

4. The invention of claim 1, further comprising a transponder status means coupled to said transmitting means for providing identifying and status information of said transponding apparatus to said rf receiving means of said airborne platform through said transmitting means of said transponder apparatus.

5. The invention of claim 4 wherein said information provided by said transponder status means is transmitted by said transmitting means in a phase-shifted state.

6. The invention of claim 1 wherein said airborne platform further comprises a synthetic-aperture radar comprising:

a) illumination signal generation means for generating and transmitting said illuminating signals to be received by at least one transponder;

b) said rf receiving means for receiving reflected radio frequency echo signals after said synthetic-aperture radar transmits said illuminating signals;

c) signal processing means coupled to said rf receiving means wherein said echo signals are processed and demodulated using prescribed modulation sequences stored in a code-memory means; and

d) code-memory means coupled to said signal processing means for storing said prescribed modulation sequences;

wherein the total echo signal returned to said synthetic-aperture radar is processed by said processing means resulting in selective enhancement in a pseudo-image product resulting from said processing in combination with additional standard image-formation processing, of the echoes of at least one transponder apparatus, and resulting in the significant suppression of unwanted echoes due to clutter echo from stationary, natural, or cultural targets located in proximity to said at least one transponder apparatus.

7. The invention of claim 1 further comprising a single antenna used by said signal receiving means and said transmitting means for receiving and transmitting signals.

8. The invention of claim 1 further comprising a portable power source means for providing electrical power to said transponding apparatus.

9. A transponder apparatus comprising:

a) illuminating radar signal receiving means for receiving an illuminating signal from a radar source;

b) frequency conditioning means coupled to said illuminating radar signal receiving means for modulating said illuminating signal into a phase-shifted tag signal;

c) code generator means for generating a prescribed code sequence in response to said illuminating signal;

d) transponder status means coupled to said code generator means for providing status information unique to said transponder apparatus to an airborne-based platform through a transmitting means;

e) mixing means, incorporated as part of said code generator means, for combining said prescribed code sequence with said status information to produce a sequence having a combination of prescribed and information content to be sent to said airborne platform by a transmitting means; and

f) transmitting means for transmitting said identifying code signal and said identifying information to said airborne platform.

10. The invention of claim 9 further comprising a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) fixed to said airborne-based platform, said SAR comprising:

a) illumination signal means for transmitting said illuminating signals to said transponder apparatus;

b) rf receiving means for receiving radio frequency echo signals reflected from said ground surface;

c) first signal processing means coupled to said rf receiving means wherein prescribed modulation sequences, stored in a code memory means, identical to that used by said transponder apparatus, are mixed against echoes received by said rf receiving means providing despreading of incoming transponder echoes also received by said receiving means with said radio frequency echo signals reflected from said surface;

d) code memory means for storing said prescribed modulation sequences; and

e) second signal processing means for correlation processing of said de-spread output signals from said first signal processing means.

11. The invention of claim 10 wherein echo azimuth samples are compressed in the range dimension, and azimuth-dimension tag-echo vector is selected for said correlation processing, element of which correspond to range bins in which said compressed tag echo is known to reside, and the cross-correlation of said vector with each of a number of possible informational-symbol sequences is sequentially computed, the symbol or symbols producing the highest cross-correlation being declared to be the symbol of symbols sent by the tag.

12. The invention of claim 10 further comprising a single antenna used by said illuminating radar signal receiving means and said transmitting means for receiving and transmitting signals.

13. The invention of claim 12 further comprising a portable power source means for providing electrical power to said transponding apparatus.

14. An rf transponder recognition and identification system comprising:

a) an rf transponder (tag) for receiving, modulating, and retransmitting rf pulses transmitted to said tag by a synthetic-aperture radar means, wherein said tag means is capable of amplitude-gating and phase-coding its echo with a number of prescribed and/or informational pulse sequences for retransmission to said synthetic-aperture radar means, said tag further comprising;

i) radar signal receiving means for receiving an illuminating signal from said SAR;

ii) frequency conditioning means coupled to said radar signal receiving means for phase-shifting said illuminating signal into a phase-shifted tag signal;

iii) transmitting means for transmitting rf signals to said SAR;

iv) code generator means for generating a prescribed code sequence for transmission to said SAR through said transmitting means;

v) tag status means coupled to said code generator means for providing identifying, environmental and '"'"'status information of said tag to said SAR through said transmitting means; and

vi) mixing means, incorporated as part of said code generator means, for combining said prescribed sequence with said status information to produce a sequence having a combination of prescribed and informational content to be sent by said transmitting means to said airborne SAR; and

b) a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) located on an airborne platform said SAR comprising;

i) illumination signal means for transmitting illuminating signals toward a ground surface from an airborne platform;

ii) rf receiving means for receiving radio frequency echo signals after said SAR transmits said illuminating signals to said surface;

iii) first signal-processing means coupled to said rf receiving means wherein echo signals are processed and demodulated using prescribed modulation sequences stored in a code-memory means and wherein prescribed modulation sequences, stored in a code memory means, identical to that used by said tag are mixed against echoes received by said rf receiving means providing processing of incoming tag echoes also received by said receiving means with said radio frequency echo signals reflected from said surface; and

iv) code memory means coupled to said first signal processing means for storing said modulation sequences;

wherein the total echo signal returned to said synthetic-aperture radar is processed by said processing in combination with additional standard image-formation processing of the echoes of at least one transponder apparatus, and resulting in the significant suppression of unwanted echoes due to clutter echo from stationary, natural or cultural targets located in proximity to said at least one transponder apparatus.

15. The invention of claim 14 further comprising correlation signal-processing means for correlation processing of the de-spread and pre-filtered output of said second signal-processing wherein echo azimuth samples are compressed in the range dimension, and azimuth-dimension tag-echo vector is selected for correlation processing, elements of which correspond to range bins in which compressed tag echo is known to reside, and the cross-correlation of said vector with each of a number of possible informational symbols is sequentially computed, the symbol or symbols producing the highest cross-correlation being declared to be the symbol or symbols sent by said tag.

16. The invention of claim 14 wherein said identifying, environmental and status information of said tag is phase-shifted by said frequency conditioning means prior to transmission by said transmitting means.

17. The invention of claim 16 wherein said tag further comprises a single antenna used by said radar signal receiving means and said transmitting means for receiving and transmitting signals at said tag.

18. The invention of claim 17 further comprising a portable power source means for said tag for providing a self-contained electrical power source to said tag.

19. A method of detecting and locating a transponding apparatus comprising the steps:

a) an airborne platform-based synthetic-aperture radar transmits illuminating radar signals towards the earth'"'"'s surface for receipt by ground-based transponder devices;

b) at least one transponding apparatus receives the illuminating signals through a receiving means;

c) said transponding apparatus filters and amplifies said illuminating signals;

d) said illuminating signals are decoded to identify downlink commands from said SAR wherein said commands contain information that allow said SAR and said transponder to obtain a common pulse index;

e) the illuminating signals pass through a time-gating circuit within said tag and into a time-delay device wherein said signals are delayed in time by an amount equal to a function of the duration of the pulse transmitted by the SAR;

f) the signals are provided to a transponder transmitter through a bi-phase modulator which impresses on the signals a prescribed phase code and changes the phase of the signals;

g) the signals are amplified at the transponder transmitter and are retransmitted back to the SAR in a phase-shifted state to identify the transponder'"'"'s location;

h) the SAR receives the phase-shifted signals retransmitted by the transponder;

i) the signals received by the SAR are processed and filtered at a signal processing means; and

j) a pseudo-image is formed on a screen allowing the transponder'"'"'s location to be determined on said screen wherein clutter energy which is not phase-shifted appear at Doppler frequencies outside the frequency passband of the pre-filter and are not shown within said screen.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein identifying information and status information from said transponder are transmitted to said SAR through said transponder transmitter following location identification of said transponder.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein said identifying information and status information comprises a radio frequency signal that is phase-shifted prior to transmission through said transponder transmitter.

22. The method of claim 20 or 21, wherein said bi-phase modulator uses standard 0/pi phase coding on said signals prior to transmission.

23. The method of claim 20 wherein said transponder receives information through said receiving means and transmits information through said transmitting means using the same antenna.

24. A method of communicating identifying information and status information from a transponding apparatus to a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) following detection and location of said tag by said SAR, wherein:

a) an airborne platform-based SAR transmits illuminating radar signals toward the earth'"'"'s surface for receipt by at least one ground-based transponding apparatus;

b) at least one transponding apparatus (tag) receives the illuminating signals through a receiving means;

c) said tag filters and amplifies the illuminating signals through a receiving means;

d) said illuminating signals are decoded to identify downlink commands from said SAR wherein said commands contain information that allows said SAR and said tag to obtain a common pulse index;

e) said illuminating signals pass through a time-gating circuit within said tag and into a time-delay device wherein said signals are delayed in time by an amount equal to a fraction of the duration of the pulse transmitted by the SAR;

f) said signals are provided to a tag transmitter through a bi-phase modulator which impresses on the signals a phase code containing both prescribed and informational content;

g) said signals are amplified at the tag transmitter and are retransmitted back to the SAR in a phase-shifted state;

h) said SAR receives said phase-shifted signals retransmitted by said tag;

i) said phase-shifted signals are processed and filtered by a signal processing means wherein the said prescribed-code portion of said phase-shifted signal is removed; and

j) said phase-shifted signals are further processed to determine the information code sequence sent by the transponder.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein said further processing comprises range compression, vector selection, and correlation processing.

26. A method of recognizing a remote transponder on a display comprising the steps of:

a) sending an illuminating radar signal from a radar source on an airborne platform towards the earth'"'"'s surface;

b) the illuminating radar signal is received at a remote transponder wherein the signal is filtered and processed by the remote transponder'"'"'s signal processing means;

c) the illuminating signal is modulated within said signal processing means such that said illuminating signal is phase-shifted;

d) the phase-shifted signal is amplified and transmitted back to the airborne platform where the signal is received;

e) the phase-shifted signal is amplified and filtered at the airborne platform after it is received by a receiving means;

f) the phase-shifted signal is displayed on a screen means wherein the location of the transponder is indicated on said screen and clutter and noise that is not phase-shifted is not displayed on said screen after said filtering.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein identifying information and status information from said transponder are transmitted through said transponder transmitter to said airborne platform and received by said receiving means following after steps a through f are completed and the transponder location is determined.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein said identifying information and status information comprises a radio frequency signal that is phase-shifted prior to transmission through said transponder transmitter.

29. The method of claim 26, wherein said bi-phase modulator uses standard 0/pi phase coding on said signals prior to transmission.

30. The method of claim 26 wherein said transponder receives information through said receiving means and transmits information through said transmitting means using the same antenna.

31. A method of communicating identifying information from a transponding means to an airborne-based monitor, comprising:

a) a transponding apparatus receives an illuminating signal through a receiving means;

b) the illuminating signal is filtered and amplified by said transponding apparatus;

c) the illuminating signal is decoded to identify commands from said airborne-based monitor which allow said transponding apparatus and said airborne-based monitor to obtain a common pulse index; and

d) identification signals unique to said transponding apparatus are amplified and retransmitted by said transponding apparatus using said common pulse index to said airborne-based monitor in a phase-shifted state.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein:

e) said identification signals are received by said airborne-based monitor;

f) said identification signals are processed and filtered by a signal processing means at said monitor wherein the said prescribed code of said identification signal is removed; and

g) said identification signals are further processed to determine the informational content of said identification signals.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein said airborne-based monitor transmits said illuminating signals received by said transponding apparatus.