High speed thin plate fatigue crack monitor

• US 5,493,511 A
• Filed: 12/08/1992
• Issued: 02/20/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 12/08/1992
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: The United States of America As Represented By The Secretary of Agriculture
• Original Assignee: Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• Inventors: Wincheski, Buzz A., Heyman, Joseph S., Namkung, Min, Fulton, James P.
• Primary Examiner(s): Voeltz, Emanuel T.
• Assistant Examiner(s): WACHSMAN, HAL D
• Application Number:
  US07/988,084
• Time in Patent Office: 1,169 Days
• Field of Search: 364/507, 364/508, 364/506, 364/505, 364/512, 73/579, 73/583, 73/577, 73/799, 73/801, 73/802, 73/812, 73/668, 73/587, 73/588, 73/584, 73/586, 73/570, 73/576, 73/578, 73/589, 73/606, 73/786, 324/718
• US Class Current: 702/39
• CPC Class Codes: B06B 1/045 using vibrating magnet, armature or coil system
• CPC Class Codes: G01H 11/02 by magnetic means, e.g. reluctance
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2203/0062 Crack or flaws
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/014 Resonance or resonant frequency
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0237 Thin materials, e.g. paper, membranes, thin films
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0258 Structural degradation, e.g. fatigue of composites, ageing of oils
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0427 Flexural waves, plate waves, e.g. Lamb waves, tuning fork, cantilever
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/105 two or more emitters, two or more receivers
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/12 by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves measuring frequency or resonant frequency of mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in general G01H1/06, G01H3/04, G01H13/00; acoustic resonators G10K11/04; vibration or shock testing of structures G01M7/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/2412 using the magnetostrictive properties of the material to be examined, e.g. electromagnetic acoustic transducers [EMAT]; investigating the presence of flaws using eddy currents G01N27/90, magnetostrictive transducers B06B1/08, measuring magnetostrictive properties G01R33/18

Abstract

A device and method are provided which non-destructively detect crack length and crack geometry in thin metallic plates. A non-contacting vibration apparatus produces resonant vibrations without introducing extraneous noise. Resulting resonant vibration shifts in cracked plates are correlated to known crack length in plates with similar resonant vibration shifts. In addition, acoustic emissions of cracks at resonance frequencies are correlated to acoustic emissions from known crack geometries.

Claims

1. An apparatus for high speed monitoring of fatigue cracks in a thin plate, comprising:

means for vibrating to apply a sinusoidal driving function to produce resonant vibrations in said thin plate; and

means for detecting acoustic emissions from cracks in said thin plate and correlating said acoustic emissions with crack geometry, wherein said acoustic emissions are produced by interactions of crack faces during resonant vibration of said thin plate.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the means for detecting acoustic emissions comprises:

a transducer contacting said thin plate, wherein said transducer outputs voltages proportional to acoustic emissions resulting from crack face interactions; and

a microprocessor for receiving the output voltages from said transducer and correlating said output voltages with crack geometry.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the means for vibrating comprises:

a pair of permanent magnets to be attached to said thin plate whereby the area of said thin plate to be monitored lies between said pair of permanent magnets, the poles of each magnet aligned such that forces on opposite sides of said thin plate are in opposite directions;

two electromagnets, the first electromagnet to be located a distance directly above said permanent magnets, and the second electromagnet to be located a distance directly below said permanent magnets such that oppositely charged poles of said electromagnets align with each other and align with an associated permanent magnet along an axis;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnets; and

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

4. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the means for vibrating comprises:

an electromagnet having a first and second end, to be disposed at a distance from the surface of said thin plate, the ends of said electromagnet having a concave surface;

a pair of rare earth permanent magnets having a convex surface curvature, each of said rare earth permanent magnets to be fixedly disposed at each concave end of said electromagnet;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnet; and

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the means for vibrating comprises:

a pair of permanent magnets to be attached to said thin plate whereby the area of said thin plate to be monitored lies between said pair of permanent magnets, the poles of each magnet aligned such that forces on opposite sides of said thin plate are in opposite directions;

a pair of electromagnets, the first electromagnet to be located a distance directly above said permanent magnets, and the second electromagnet to be located a distance directly below said permanent magnets such that oppositely charged poles of said electromagnets align with each other and align with an associated permanent magnet along an axis;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnets; and

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the means for vibrating comprises:

an electromagnet having a first and second end, to be disposed at a distance from the surface of said thin plate, each of the first and second ends of said electromagnet having a concave surface;

a pair of rare earth permanent magnets having a convex surface curvature, each of said rare earth permanent magnets to be fixedly disposed at each concave end of said electromagnet;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnet; and

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a means for detecting resonance frequencies of said thin plate.

8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the means for detecting acoustic emissions comprises:

a transducer contacting said thin plate, wherein said transducer outputs voltages proportional to impact energies resulting from crack face interactions; and

a microprocessor for receiving the outputs from said transducer and correlating said output with crack geometry.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the means for vibrating comprises:

a pair of permanent magnets to be attached to said thin plate whereby the area of said thin plate to be monitored lies between said pair of permanent magnets, the poles of each magnet aligned such that forces on opposite sides of said thin plate are in opposite directions;

two electromagnets, the first electromagnet to be located a distance directly above said permanent magnets, and the second electromagnet to be located a distance directly below said permanent magnets such that oppositely charged poles of said electromagnets align with each other and align with an associated permanent magnet along an axis.

10. The apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the means for vibrating comprises:

an electromagnet having a first and a second end, to be disposed at a distance from the surface of said thin plate, the ends of said electromagnet having a concave surface;

a pair of rare earth permanent magnets having a convex surface curvature, each of said permanent magnets to be fixedly disposed at each concave end of said electromagnet;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnet; and

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

11. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the means for detecting resonance frequencies comprises:

a transducer contacting said thin plate whereby said transducer outputs voltages proportional to the amplitude of stress waves in said thin plate resulting from resonant vibrations;

a peak detect circuit for tracking the peak output voltages from said transducer; and

a microprocessor for receiving and correlating the peak output voltages tracked by the peak detect circuit with crack length.

12. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the means for vibrating comprises:

a pair of permanent magnets to be attached to said thin plate whereby the area of said thin plate to be monitored lies between said pair of permanent magnets, the poles of each magnet aligned such that forces on opposite sides of said thin plate are in opposite directions;

two electromagnets, the first electromagnet to be located a distance directly above said permanent magnets, and the second electromagnet to be located a distance directly below said permanent magnets such that oppositely charged poles of said electromagnets align with each other and align with an associated permanent magnet along an axis;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnets; and

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

13. The apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the means for vibrating comprises:

an electromagnet having a first and second end, to be disposed at a distance from the surface of said thin plate, the ends of said electromagnet having a concave surface;

a pair of rare earth permanent magnets having a convex surface curvature, each of said rare earth permanent magnets to be fixedly disposed at each concave end of said electromagnet;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnet; and

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

14. An apparatus for vibrating a thin metal plate, comprising an electromagnet having a first and a second end, to be disposed a distance from the surface of said thin metal plate, the ends of said electromagnet having a concave surface;

a pair of rare earth permanent magnets, each of said permanent magnets fixedly disposed at each concave end of said electromagnet;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnet; and

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

15. A method for high speed monitoring of fatigue cracks in a thin plate, comprising the steps of:

(a) producing resonant vibrations in said thin plate by actuating a non-contacting vibrating source which generates a sinusoidal driving function;

(b) detecting the resonance frequency of said thin plate; and

(c) determining fatigue crack size in said thin plate by correlating the resonance frequency of said thin plate to resonance frequencies associated with known crack sizes of a thin plate of similar dimensions and composition.

16. The method of monitoring fatigue cracks of claim 15 wherein said actuation of non-contacting vibrating source further comprises the steps of:

(a) attaching a pair of permanent magnets to said thin plate whereby the area of said thin plate to be monitored lies between said pair of permanent magnets, the poles of each permanent magnet aligned such that forces on opposite sides of said thin plate are in opposite directions;

(b) disposing two electromagnets at a distance from the permanent magnets and the surface of said thin plate, the first electromagnet disposed directly above said permanent magnets, and the second electromagnet disposed directly below said permanent magnets such that oppositely charged poles of said electromagnets align with each other and align with an associated permanent magnet along an axis;

(c) supplying a sinusoidal driving current to said electromagnets; and

(d) controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

17. The method of monitoring fatigue cracks of claim 16 wherein said detecting of the resonance frequency of said thin plate further comprises the steps of:

(a) detecting stress waves in said thin plate resulting from the produced resonant vibrations by disposing a transducer on the surface of said thin plate, said transducer outputting voltages proportional to the amplitude of said stress waves; and

(b) tracking the peak output voltages from said transducer; and

(c) correlating said peak output voltages with crack length.

18. A method for high speed monitoring of fatigue cracks in a thin plate, comprising the steps of:

(a) producing resonant vibrations in said thin plate by actuating vibrating source which generates a sinusoidal driving function;

(b) detecting acoustic emissions produced by the interactions of crack faces resulting from resonant vibration of said thin plate; and

(c) characterizing the geometry of a crack in said thin plate by correlating detected acoustic emissions from said thin plate to acoustic emissions obtained from cracks with known geometries in thin plates of similar dimensions and composition.

19. The method of monitoring fatigue cracks of claim 18 wherein actuation of said vibrating source further comprises the steps of:

(a) attaching a pair of permanent magnets to said thin plate whereby the area of said plate to be monitored lies between said pair of permanent magnets, the poles of each magnet aligned such that forces on opposite sides of said thin plate are in opposite directions; and

(b) disposing two electromagnets at a distance from the permanent magnets and the surface of said thin plate, the first electromagnet disposed directly above said permanent magnets, and the second electromagnet disposed directly below said permanent magnets such that oppositely charged poles of said electromagnets align with each other and align with an associated permanent magnet along an axis.

(c) supplying a sinusoidal driving current to said electromagnets; and

(d) controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

20. The method of monitoring fatigue cracks of claim 18 wherein said vibrating source comprises a pair of rare earth permanent magnets, each of said rare earth permanent magnets fixedly attached to each end of an electromagnet, the surface of each end of said electromagnet having a concave curvature and the surface of said rare earth permanent magnets having a convex curvature, actuation of said vibrating source further comprising the steps of:

(a) disposing said electromagnet and rare earth permanent magnets at a distance from the surface of said thin plate;

(b) supplying a sinusoidal driving current to said electromagnets; and

(c) controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

21. A method -for high speed monitoring of fatigue cracks in a thin plate, comprising the steps of:

(a) producing resonant vibrations in said thin plate by actuating a non-contacting vibrating source which generates a sinusoidal driving function;

(b) detecting the resonance frequency of said thin plate; and

(c) determining fatigue crack size in said thin plate by correlating the resonance frequency of said thin plate to resonance frequencies associated with known crack sizes calculated by finite element modeling of a thin plate of similar dimensions and composition.

(d) detecting acoustic emissions produced by the interactions of crack faces resulting from resonant vibrations of said thin plate; and

(e) characterizing the geometry of a crack in said thin plate by correlating acoustic emissions from said thin plate to acoustic emissions obtained from cracks with known geometries in thin plates of similar dimensions and composition.

22. The method of monitoring fatigue cracks of claim 21 wherein said actuation of vibrating source further comprises the steps of:

(a) attaching a pair of permanent magnets to said thin plate whereby the area of said thin plate to be monitored lies between said pair of permanent magnets, the poles of each magnet aligned such that forces on opposite sides of said thin plate are in opposite directions; and

(b) disposing two electromagnets at a distance from the permanent magnets and the surface of said thin plate, the first electromagnet disposed directly above said permanent magnets, and the second electromagnet disposed directly below said permanent magnets such that oppositely charged poles of said electromagnets align with each other and align with an associated permanent magnet along an axis.

(c) supplying a sinusoidal driving current to said electromagnets; and

(d) controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

23. The method of monitoring fatigue cracks of claim 21 wherein said vibrating source comprises a pair of rare earth permanent magnets, each of said rare earth permanent magnets fixedly attached to each end of an electromagnet, each end of said electromagnet having a concave curvature and the surface of said rare earth permanent magnets having a convex curvature, actuation of said vibrating source further comprising the steps of:

(a) disposing said electromagnet and rare earth permanent magnets at a distance from the surface of said thin plate;

(b) supplying a sinusoidal driving current to said electromagnets; and

(c) controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current.

24. The method of monitoring fatigue cracks of claim 21 wherein said recording of the resonance frequency of said thin plate further comprises the steps of:

(a) detecting stress waves in said thin plate resulting from the produced resonant vibrations by disposing a transducer on the surface of said thin plate, said transducer outputting voltages proportional to the amplitude of said stress waves;

(b) tracking the peak output voltages from said transducer; and

(c) correlating said peak output voltages with crack length.

25. An apparatus for high speed monitoring of fatigue cracks in a thin plate, comprising:

a vibrator for vibrating said thin plate to produce resonant vibrations by generating a sinusoidal driving function, wherein said vibrator does not contact said thin plate, the vibrator having;

an electromagnet having a first and a second end, to be disposed a distance from the surface of said thin plate, the ends of said electromagnet having a concave surface;

a pair of rare earth permanent magnets, each of said permanent magnets fixedly disposed at each concave end of said electromagnet;

means for supplying a driving current to said electromagnet;

means for controlling the frequency and amplitude of said driving current; and

means for detecting resonance frequency shifts resulting from cracks in said thin plate,

wherein said resonance frequency shifts are correlated to crack length.