Electron acceptor compositions technical field

• US 5,500,297 A
• Filed: 08/09/1993
• Issued: 03/19/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 08/09/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: The Trustees of Princeton University (Princeton University)
• Original Assignee: The Trustees of Princeton University (Princeton University)
• Inventors: Vermeulen, Lori A., Thompson, Mark E., Snover, Jonathan L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Thibodeau, Paul J.
• Assistant Examiner(s): ABRAHAM, DAVID JAMES
• Application Number:
  US08/103,968
• Time in Patent Office: 953 Days
• Field of Search: 428/411.1, 544/225, 544/226, 546/213
• US Class Current: 428/411.1
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 21/08 Silica
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2231/645 of C=C or C-C triple bonds
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/42 Platinum
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2531/48 Zirconium
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 31/1691 Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF] preparation of metal complexes containing carboxylic acid moieties C07C51/418; MOF's per se C07F
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 31/185 Phosphites ((RO)3P) , their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 35/23 in a colloidal state
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 37/0209 involving a reaction between the support and a fluid
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 15/029 Preparation from hydrogen and oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/042 Decomposition of water
• CPC Class Codes: C07F 9/58 Pyridine rings
• CPC Class Codes: C08F 230/02 containing phosphorus
• CPC Class Codes: C08F 230/04 containing a metal
• CPC Class Codes: C08F 30/02 containing phosphorus
• CPC Class Codes: C08F 30/04 containing a metal
• CPC Class Codes: C08F 8/44 Preparation of metal salts or ammonium salts
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/36 Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 20/133 Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/31504 Composite [nonstructural laminate]

Abstract

Stable electron acceptor compositions are composed of a plurality of pillared metal complexes disposed on a supporting substrate. At least one Group VIII metal at zero valence is entrapped within this matrix. The complexes comprise from one to about 100 units of the formula:

--(Y.sup.1 O.sub.3 --Z--Y.sup.2 O.sub.3)Me.sup.1 --

Y¹ and Y² being phosphorus or arsenic; Z being a divalent group which reversibly forms a stable reduced form and contains two conjugated cationic centers having a negative E°_red value; and Me¹ being a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, or IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or a lanthanide. The units are bound to the substrate through a divalent linking group. Counter anions balance the charge of Z. The compositions can be used in the decomposition of water to yield hydrogen gas, the sensing of oxygen, and as catalysts.

Claims

1. An article comprising a supporting substrate having on its surface a photochemically active film comprising

(i) a plurality of a complex of the formula:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--O--L--((Y.sup.1 O.sub.3 --Z--Y.sup.2 O.sub.3)Me.sup.1).sub.k •

k*p(X.sup.2/p-)

wherein

L is a divalent linking group;

each of Y¹ and Y², independently of the other, is phosphorus or arsenic;

Z is a divalent group containing two conjugated cationic centers which together have a negative E°

_red value;

Me¹ is a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, or IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or a lanthanide;

X is an anion;

k has a value of from 1 to about 100; and

p has a value of 1 or 2;

wherein each of Y¹, Y², Z, and Me¹ may be different for each successive k layer;

wherein each of said complexes is bound to said substrate through the free valence bond on the oxygen atom of the --O--L-- component of said complex; and

,

(ii) colloidal particles of at least one Group VIII metal at zero valence entrapped within said complexes by the Me¹ atoms.

2. An article comprising a supporting substrate having on its surface a film, said film comprising:

(i) two or more adjacent metal layers, said metal layers being disposed in substantially spaced, parallel relation to the substrate;

(ii) organic pillars, said pillars being disposed between, and in substantially perpendicular relation to said metal layers, each of said pillars being independently, one from the other, covalently joined to two of said adjacent metal layers and forming interstices between said pillars and said two adjacent metal layers;

(iii) colloidal particles of at least one Group VIII metal at zero valence entrapped within said interstices by said metal layers; and

,

(iv) linking means binding said substrate to the metal layer closest to the substrate;

wherein each metal layer, independently of the other, comprises atoms of a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or atoms of a lanthanide;

wherein said organic pillars are illustrated by the formula;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--(Y.sup.1 O.sub.3 --Z--Y.sup.2 O.sub.3)--.p(X.sup.-2/p)

each of Y¹ and Y², independently of the other, is phosphorous or arsenic;

Z is an electron accepting divalent group containing two conjugated cationic centers which together have a negative E°

_red value, wherein Z is capable of alternating between a stable reduced form and a stable oxidized form;

X is an anion; and

,

p has a value of 1 or 2.

3. An article according to claim 2,

wherein each metal layer, independently of the other, comprises atoms of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, germanium, tin, or lead;

wherein said organic pillars are illustrated by the formula;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--(PO.sub.3 --(R.sup.1).sub.n --Z'"'"'--(R.sup.2).sub.m --PO.sub.3)--•

p(X.sup.-2/p)

Z'"'"' is a divalent aromatic group containing at least two conjugated tetravalent nitrogen atoms;

each of n and m, independently of the other, has a value of 0 or 1;

each of R¹ and R², independently of the other, is a straight or branched divalent alkane chain of six or less carbon atoms;

X is an anion;

the number of said metal layers is from 2 to about 100; and

,

p has a value of 1 or 2.

4. An article according to claim 2 wherein said colloidal particles of Group VIII metal at zero valence are platinum or palladium.

5. An article according to claim 2 wherein Z is

6. An article according to claim 5 wherein in Z'"'"', each tetravalent nitrogen atom is a ring member in separate aromatic ring systems which ring systems are joined to one another directly or through a conjugated hydrocarbon chain.

7. An article according to claim 6 wherein each aromatic ring system is a monocycle or fused polycycle comprising a pyridine, pyrazine, or pyrimidine ring each of which monocycle or fused polycycle is unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

8. An article according to claim 5 wherein in Z'"'"', both tetravalent nitrogen atoms are ring members in a fused polycyclic aromatic system.

9. An article according to claim 8 wherein the fused polycyclic aromatic system comprises two members independently selected from the group consisting of pyridine, pyrazine, and pyrimidine, said fused polycyclic aromatic system being unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

10. An article according to claim 5 wherein each of n and m is 1 and each of R¹ and R², independently of the other is a straight or branched divalent alkane chain of six or less carbon atoms.

11. An article according to claim 2 wherein said metal atoms are titaminum, zirconium, hafnium, germanium, tin, or lead.

12. An article according to claim 11 wherein said metal atoms are zirconium.

13. An article according to claim 2 wherein each of Y¹ and Y² is phosphorus.

14. An article according to claim 2 wherein the number of said metal layers is from 2 to 50.

15. An article according to claim 2 wherein said film comprises

(i) a plurality of a complex of the formula:

##STR3## wherein L is a divalent linking group;

Z'"'"' is a divalent aromatic group containing at least two conjugated tetravalent nitrogen atoms;

each of n and m, independently of the other, has a value of 0 or 1; and

each of R¹ and R², independently of the other, is a straight or branched divalent alkane chain of six or less carbon atoms;

Me¹ is titanium, zirconium, hafnium, germanium, tin, or lead;

X is anion;

k has a value of from 1 to about 100; and

p has a value of 1 or 2; and

(ii) colloidal particles of zero valence platinum or palladium are entrapped within said complexes by the Me¹ atoms.

16. An article comprising a supporting substrate having on its surface a film comprising a plurality of a complex of the formula:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--O--L--((Y.sup.1 O.sub.3 --Z--Y.sup.2 O.sub.3)Me.sup.1).sub.k •

k*p(X.sup.2/p-)

wherein

L is a divalent linking group;

each of Y¹ and Y², independently of the other, is phosphorus or arsenic;

Z is a divalent group which reversibly forms a stable reduced form, said group containing two conjugated cationic centers which together have a negative E°

_red value and;

Me¹ is a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, or IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or a lanthanide;

X is an anion;

k has a value of from 1 to about 100; and

p has a value of 1 or 2

wherein each of said complexes is bound to said substrate through the free valence bond on the oxygen atom of the --O--L-- component of said complex.

17. An article comprising a supporting substrate having on its surface a film, said film comprising:

(i) two or more adjacent metal layers, said metal layers being disposed in substantially spaced, parallel relation to the substrate;

(ii) organic pillars, said pillars being disposed between, and in substantially perpendicular relation to said metal layers, each of said pillars being independently, one from the other, covalently joined to two of said adjacent metal layers and forming interstices between said pillars and said two adjacent metal layers; and

,

(iii) linking means binding said substrate to the metal layer closest to the substrate;

wherein each metal layer, independently of the other, comprises atoms of a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or atoms of a lanthanide;

wherein said organic pillars are illustrated by the formula;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--(Y.sup.1 O.sub.3 --Z--Y.sup.2 O.sub.3)--•

p(X.sup.-2/p)

each of Y¹ and Y², independently of the other, is phosphorous or arsenic;

Z is an electron accepting divalent group containing two conjugated cationic centers which together have a negative E°

_red value, wherein Z is capable of alternating between a stable reduced form and a stable oxidized form;

X is an anion; and

,

p has a value of 1 or 2.

18. An article according to claim 17 wherein Z is

19. An article according to claim 18 wherein in Z'"'"', each tetravalent nitrogen atom is a ring member in separate aromatic ring systems which ring systems are joined to one another directly or through a conjugated hydrocarbon chain.

20. An article according to claim 19 wherein each aromatic ring system is a monocycle or fused polycycle comprising a pyridine, pyrazine, or pyrimidine ring each of which monocycle or fused polycycle is unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

21. An article according to claim 20 wherein in Z'"'"', both tetravalent nitrogen atoms are ring members in a fused polycyclic aromatic system.

22. An article according to claim 20 wherein the fused polycyclic aromatic system comprises two members independently selected from the group consisting of pyridine, pyrazine, and pyrimidine, said fused polycyclic aromatic system being unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

23. An article according to claim 18 wherein each of n and m is 1 and each of R¹ and R², independently of the other, is a straight or branched divalent alkane chain of six or less carbon atoms.

24. An article according to claim 17 wherein said metal atoms are titanium, zirconium, hafnium, germanium, tin, or lead.

25. An article according to claim 21 wherein said metal atoms are zirconium.

26. An article according to claim 17 wherein each of Y¹ and Y² is phosphorus.

27. An article according to claim 17 wherein the number of said metal layers is from 2 to 50.

28. An article of the formula:

##STR4## wherein each of Y¹, Y², and Y³, independently of the other, is phosphorus or arsenic;

Z is a divalent group which reversibly forms a stable reduced form, said group containing two conjugated cationic centers which together have a negative E°

_red value;

each of Me¹ and Me² is a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, or IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or a lanthanide;

X is anion;

n has a value of from 0 to 0.8; and

p has a value of 1 or 2; and

R³ is a nonreducible capping group.

36. A composition according to claim 28 wherein each of said metal atoms are titanium, zirconium, hafnium, germanium, tin, or lead.

37. An article according to claim 36 wherein each of said metal atoms are zirconium.

38. An article according to claim 28 wherein each of Y¹, Y², and Y³ is phosphorus.

29. An article comprising:

(i) two or more adjacent metal layers, said metal layers being disposed in substantially spaced, parallel relation to each other;

(ii) organic pillars, said pillars being disposed between, and in substantially perpendicular relation to said metal layers, each of said pillars being independently, one from the other, covalently joined to two of said adjacent metal layers and forming interstices between said pillars and said two adjacent metal layers; and

,

(iii) organic ligands, said ligands being disposed between said metal layers and between said pillars, each of said ligands being independently, one from the other, covalently joined to one of said adjacent metal layers;

wherein each metal layer, independently of the other, comprises atoms of a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or atoms of a lanthanide;

wherein said organic pillars are illustrated by the formula;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--(Y.sup.1 O.sub.3 --Z--Y.sup.2 O.sub.3)--•

p(X.sup.-2/p)

each of Y¹ and Y², independently of the other, is phosphorous or arsenic;

Z is an electron accepting divalent group containing two conjugated cationic centers which together have a negative E°

_red value, wherein Z is capable of alternating between a stable reduced form and a stable oxidized form;

X is an anion; and

,

p has a value of 1 or 2

wherein said ligands are illustrated by the formula;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--Y.sup.3 O.sub.3 --R.sup.3

Y³ is phosphorous or arsenic; and

,

R³ is a non-reducible capping group.

30. An article according to claim 29 wherein Z is

31. An article according to claim 30 wherein in Z'"'"', each tetravalent nitrogen atom is a ring member in separate aromatic ring systems which ring systems are joined to one another directly or through a conjugated hydrocarbon chain.

32. An article according to claim 31 wherein each aromatic ring system is a monocycle or fused polycycle comprising a pyridine, pyrazine, or pyrimidine ring each of which monocycle or fused polycycle is unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

33. An article according to claim 30 wherein in Z'"'"', both tetravalent nitrogen atoms are ring members in a fused polycyclic aromatic system.

34. An article according to claim 33 wherein the fused polycyclic aromatic system comprises two members independently selected from the group consisting of pyridine, pyrazine, and pyrimidine, said fused polycyclic aromatic system being unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

35. An article according to claim 30 wherein each of n and m is 1 and each of R¹ and R², independently of the other, is a straight or branched divalent alkane chain of six or less carbon atoms.

39. An article comprising a supporting substrate having on its surface a photochemically active film, said film comprising a first layer and one or more successive layers, each layer independently of the other comprising:

(i) a plurality of the complex illustrated by the formula

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--[(Y.sup.1 O.sub.3 --Z--Y.sup.2 O.sub.3)Me.sup.1 ]•

p(X.sup.2/p-)

each of Y¹ and Y², independently of the other, is phosphorous or arsenic;

Z is a photochemically active divalent group which can form a stable reduced form, said group containing two conjugated cationic centers which together have a negative E°

_red value; and

,

Me¹ is a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, or IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or a lanthanide;

wherein the plurality of Me¹ forms a layer;

X is an anion; and

,

p has a value of 1, 2 or 3;

wherein the (Y¹ O₃ --Z--Y² O₃) parts of said complexes are perpendicular to the substrate and said Me¹ layers are parallel to said substrate; and

,

(ii) colloidal particles of at least one Group VIII metal at zero valance entrapped within said complexes by said metal layer,

wherein the first layer is bound to said substrate through a linking group having the formula;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">--O--L--Me.sup.3

wherein L is a divalent linking group; and

Me³ is a trivalent or tetravalent metal of Group III, IVA, or IVB having an atomic number of at least 21 or a lanthanide, forming a layer;

where the plurality of --(Y¹ O₃ --Z--Y² O₃) of the first layer are covalently bonded to the Me³ layer; and

,

where the plurality of --(Y¹ O₃ --Z--Y² O₃) of each successive layer are covalently bonded to the Me¹ layer of the preceding layer.