Apparatus and method for switching packets using tree memory

• US 5,509,006 A
• Filed: 04/18/1994
• Issued: 04/16/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 04/18/1994
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Cisco Technology, Inc. (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Cisco Systems, Inc.
• Inventors: Li, Anthony, Sherry, Bruce, Tsiang, David, Wilford, Bruce A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Safourek, Benedict V.
• Assistant Examiner(s): TON, DANG T
• Application Number:
  US08/229,289
• Time in Patent Office: 729 Days
• Field of Search: 370/60.1, 370/60, 370/94.1, 370/58.1, 370/58.2, 370/58.3, 370/61, 370/85.13, 370/85.8, 370/85.9, 370/94.2, 370/94.3, 370/110.1, 370/112, 370/14, 370/13, 370/54 , 370/55, 370/56, 370/67, 370/68.1, 340/825.01, 340/825.02, 340/825.03, 364/222.2, 395/400, 395/575, 395/425, 395/575, 395/600, 395/250, 395/165, 395/168, 395/410, 395/412, 395/413, 395/415, 395/416, 395/417, 395/824, 395/829, 395/833, 395/497.01 , 395/497.04, 395/726, 395/727, 395/728, 395/741, 395/846, 395/200.07
• US Class Current: 370/401
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 12/5601 Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2012/5615 Network termination, e.g. NT1, NT2, PBX
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2012/5625 Operations, administration and maintenance [OAM]
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 45/742 Route cache; Operation thereof
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 49/3009 Header conversion, routing tables or routing tags
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/40 Network security protocols

Abstract

A device for switching packets at high speed. For each packet, the A device matches packet data with protocols, to determine how to switch the packet. Matching of data with protocols is highly parallel; the device simultaneously retrieves a data byte, compares a data byte with a protocol byte, tests a comparison result, and executes a processor instruction. A switching engine having a comparator and a decision tree memory. The comparator includes three outputs for indicating a comparison result (less-than, equal-to, or greater-than). The tree memory includes three corresponding banks of addressable memory. Each memory location comprises an entry for a next location, an entry for a next protocol byte, and an entry for a processor instruction. A set of protocol tests are assembled into the tree memory, and a set of routing tables are dynamically generated into the tree memory.

Claims

1. A device for switching packets, comprising

a first memory coupled to a network interface, said first memory being large enough to hold a packet data word;

a comparator having a first input coupled to said first memory and having a second input;

a second memory having a first input coupled to a comparison output of said comparator, and having a second input, said first and second inputs of said second memory collectively referencing a location in said second memory;

at least part of said location comprising a next data word and being coupled to said second input of said comparator;

at least part of said location comprising a next address and being coupled to said second input of said second memory; and

at least part of said location comprising a next instruction word, said next instruction word being coupled to an instruction decoder.

2. A device as in claim 1, comprising

a set of counters, wherein a counter comprises means for decrementing upon reading a data word of said packet;

means for, when said counter has not reached a predetermined counter value, coupling said next address to said second memory, and when said counter reaches said predetermined counter value, coupling a selected address to said second memory.

3. A device as in claim 1, comprising

a set of feedback registers coupled to an output of said second memory and to said instruction decoder.

4. A device as in claim 1, comprising

a set of reorder registers coupled to said first memory and to said instruction decoder.

5. A device as in claim 1, comprising

a set of result registers coupled to said second memory and to said instruction decoder;

and

a rewrite engine coupled to said first memory and to said set of result registers.

6. A device as in claim 1, wherein a packet having said packet data word may comprise one of a plurality of packet transmission protocols.

7. A device as in claim 1, wherein

said comparison output comprises a plurality of output signals;

said second memory comprises a plurality of memory sections, each coupled to at least one of said plurality of output signals, whereby exactly one of said plurality of memory sections is referenced by said plurality of output signals.

8. A device as in claim 1, wherein said instruction decoder comprises

a next word circuit coupled to at least part of said next instruction word;

a checksum bit circuit coupled to at least part of said next instruction word, said checksum bit circuit being coupled to a checksum device;

an opcode circuit coupled to at least part of said next instruction word, to a done bit, and to said checksum bit;

said opcode circuit configured to recognize a first instruction for setting said done bit to a first predetermined value; and

said opcode circuit configured to recognize a second instruction for setting said checksum bit to a second predetermined value, whereby said checksum device operates in response to said second instruction.

9. A device as in claim 8, wherein said opcode circuit is configured to recognize a third instruction for testing an output of said checksum device.

10. A device as in claim 1, wherein said instruction decoder comprises

an opcode circuit coupled to at least part of said next instruction word, to a counter, and to a return location register;

said opcode circuit configured to recognize a CALL instruction for calling a subroutine, and responsive to said CALL instruction by placing a value in said return location register;

a circuit coupled to said counter and configured to recognize a predetermined value held therein, and configured to retrieve a value from said return location register and to forcing a predetermined result from said comparator in response thereto.

11. A device as in claim 10, wherein said counter is configured to change state each time a packet data word is read from said first memory.

12. A device as in claim 10, wherein said counter is configured to change state each time a packet data word is read from said first memory, responsive to an enabling circuit, and wherein said opcode circuit is coupled to said enabling circuit and configured to put said enabling circuit in a predetermined state in response to an instruction.

13. A device as in claim 10, wherein said opcode circuit is configured to recognize a RETURN instruction for returning from a subroutine, and responsive to said RETURN instruction by retrieving a value from said return location register and by forcing a predetermined result from said comparator.

14. A device as in claim 1, wherein said instruction decoder comprises

an opcode circuit coupled to at least part of said next instruction word, to a memory page register, and to a third memory having a plurality of sets of addressable reorder registers and a plurality of sets of addressable feedback registers;

said memory page register comprising a first circuit indicating a choice between said reorder registers and said feed-back registers;

said memory page register comprising a second circuit indicating a choice of one of said plurality of sets of reorder registers and one of said plurality of sets of feedback registers; and

said opcode circuit configured to recognize a first set of instructions, each for addressing and altering one of said reorder registers, and a second set of instructions, each for addressing and altering one of said feedback registers.

15. A device as in claim 14, wherein said opcode circuit is configured to alter said memory page register in response to an instruction.

16. A device as in claim 7, wherein

said plurality of output signals comprise a less than signal, an equal to signal, and a greater than signal;

and

said plurality of memory sections comprises a section activated by said less than signal, a section activated by said equal to signal, and a section activated by said greater than signal.

17. A device as in claim 7, wherein said second memory comprises a location in each one of said plurality of memory sections for each address coupled to said second memory.

18. A device for switching packets, comprising

means for receiving a packet from a first one network interface of a plurality of network interfaces;

a tree memory comprising a set of locations each having a next data word, a next address and a next instruction word, said set of locations comprising a first region comprising a tree program for routing packets in response to a set of static routing information about a network coupled to said first one network interface;

means for receiving dynamic routing information about said network;

means for compiling said dynamic routing information into a second region in said set of locations; and

means for sending said packet to a second one of said plurality of network interfaces in response to said tree memory.

19. A device as in claim 18, comprising

means for identifying routing information in said packet in response to said tree memory;

and

means for directing said means for sending to switch said packet in response to said means for identifying.

20. A device as in claim 19, comprising

means for receiving dynamic routing information about a network, said network being coupled to said first one network interface;

means for compiling said dynamic routing information into a region in said tree memory.

21. A device as in claim 20, said tree memory comprising static routing information about said network.

22. A device as in claim 18, wherein said dynamic routing information comprises information about locations of devices coupled to said network or information about access control for devices coupled to said network.

23. A device as in claim 18, wherein said static routing information comprises information about a protocol used on said network.

24. A device for switching packets, comprising

means for receiving a packet from a first one of a rality of network interfaces;

means for preparing an interface register in response to said packet;

a tree memory having a set of locations each having a next data word, a next address and a next instruction word;

an instruction decoder coupled to said next instruction, word and to a result register;

means for signaling said tree memory to process said packet;

means for altering said packet in response to said result register;

means for selecting a second one of said plurality of network interfaces in response to said result register;

means for sending said packet to said second one network interface.

25. A device for switching packets, comprising

means for receiving a packet from a first one of a plurality of network interfaces;

means for sending said packet to a second one of said plurality of network interfaces;

means for switching said packet from said first one network interface to said second one network interface;

said means for switching having a clock cycle time defined to equal a shortest time needed to decode a processor instruction, and having a clock cycle rate defined to equal an inverse of said clock cycle time;

said means for switching having a packet switching rate defined to equal an average rate of switching packets from said first to said second one network interface, said average rate being determined for a substantial time period that is not predetermined, said average being true for a packet traffic distribution that is not predetermined, and said average rate being sustainable in excess of a selected value for a substantial period of time;

said clock cycle rate divided by said packet switching rate being less than about 100 clock cycles per packet switched.

26. A device as in claim 25, wherein said clock cycle time is not less than about 30 nanoseconds and said packet switching rate is greater than about 300,000 packets per second.

27. A device as in claim 25, wherein said packet traffic distribution is a normal distribution for packets being switched on said first one network interface.

28. A device for switching packets, comprising

means for receiving information from a network interface coupled to a network, said information comprising destination addresses;

means for converting said information to tree programs for a tree memory, said tree programs comprising data in a set of locations for said tree memory, said data selected in response to said information;

means for executing said tree programs;

wherein each one of said tree programs comprises a tree structure, said tree structure comprising a root node, a plurality of nonterminal branch nodes coupled to said root node, and a set of terminal nodes coupled to said nonterminal branch nodes, each one of said nonterminal branch nodes having a plurality of said nodes coupled thereto;

wherein each nonterminal branch node in said tree structure comprises a register for storing a data item for comparison and an instruction word.

29. A device as in claim 28, comprising means for placing said tree program in a tree memory.

30. A device as in claim 28, comprising means for triggering said means for converting said information to tree programs for a tree memory, responsive to a timer.

31. A device as in claim 28, comprising means, responsive to said information, for triggering said means for converting said information to tree programs for a tree memory.

32. A device for switching packets, comprising

means for receiving information from a network interface coupled to a network, said information comprising destination addresses;

means for converting said information to tree programs for a tree memory, said tree programs comprising data in a set of locations for said tree memory, said data selected in response to said information;

means for executing said tree programs;

wherein said tree memory comprises

a comparator having a first input coupled to said tree first memory and having a second input;

a second memory having a first input coupled to a comparison output of said comparator, and having a second input, said first and second inputs of said second memory collectively referencing a location in said second memory;

at least part of said location comprising a next data word and being coupled to said second input of said comparator;

at least part of said location comprising a next address and being coupled to said second input of said second memory; and

at least part of said location comprising a next instruction word and being coupled to an instruction decoder.

33. A device for switching packets, comprising

means for receiving information from a network interface coupled to a network, said information comprising destination addresses;

means for converting said information to tree programs for a tree memory, said tree programs comprising data in a set of locations for said tree memory, said data selected in response to said information;

means for executing said tree programs;

wherein said means for converting comprises

means for generating a tree program for recognizing a set of destination addresses in said information;

means for placing said tree program in a tree memory for execution.

34. A device for switching packets, comprising means for receiving information from a network interface coupled to a network, said information comprising destination addresses;

means for converting said information to tree programs for a tree memory, said tree programs comprising data in a set of locations for said tree memory, said data selected in response to said information;

means for executing said tree programs;

wherein said means for converting comprises

means for generating a weighted tree of destination addresses; and

means for generating a tree program responsive to said weighted tree, wherein said tree program comprises at least one call upon a high-level processor for processing a packet, and wherein said tree program is limited to a predetermined size, and wherein said tree program is structured to have a minimum likelihood per packet of executing said call.

35. A method of packet switching, comprising

coupling a data word from a packet received from a first one of a plurality of network interfaces to a first input of a comparator;

addressing a memory in response to an output of said comparator;

retrieving an output of said memory;

coupling at least part of said output of said memory to a second input of said comparator;

coupling at least part of said output of said memory to an address input of said memory;

coupling at least part of said output of said memory to an instruction decoder, said instruction decoder being coupled to a processing element;

repeating said steps of coupling a data word, addressing, retrieving, coupling to a second input, coupling to an address input, and coupling to a processing element, at least until said processing element prepares a result data word indicative of a second one of said plurality of network interfaces, and said instruction decoder recognizes a part of said output as indicative of readiness to switch said packet; and

sending said packet to said second one of said plurality of network interfaces.

36. A method for switching packets, comprising

receiving a packet from a first one of a plurality of network interfaces;

performing a plurality of tree memory operations, each said tree memory operation comprising simultaneously (a) retrieving a first data word from said packet, (b) comparing a second data word from said packet with a test data word, (c) executing a processor instruction in response to a prior tree memory operation, and (d) selecting a next tree memory operation in response to said prior tree memory operation;

at least one said step of executing a processor instruction comprising preparing a result data word indicative of a second one of said plurality of network interfaces; and

sending said packet to said second one of said plurality of network interfaces.