Soft-switching converter DC-to-DC isolated with voltage bidirectional switches on the secondary side of an isolation transformer

• US 5,539,630 A
• Filed: 11/15/1993
• Issued: 07/23/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 11/15/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: California Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: California Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Brkovic, Milivoje S., Cuk, Slobodan, Pietkiewicz, Andrzej
• Primary Examiner(s): NGUYEN, MATTHEW VAN
• Application Number:
  US08/154,461
• Time in Patent Office: 981 Days
• Field of Search: 363/17, 363/18, 363/19, 363/20, 363/21, 363/78, 363/79, 363/98, 363/132, 363/134
• US Class Current: 363/17
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/0058 by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero using an auxiliary actively switched resonant commutation circuit connected to an intermediate DC voltage or between two push-pull branches of an inverter bridge H02M7/4811; in resonant inverters H02M7/4815; in inverters operating from a resonant DC source H02M7/4826
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/33576 having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/3372 of the parallel type
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/10 Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter for providing regulated voltage to a load combines the functions of loss-less soft switching at zero voltage and at a constant switching frequency on the primary side and soft switching at zero current on the secondary side of an isolation transformer for all load currents from full load to no-load and PWM output voltage regulation on the secondary side. This is made possible by using voltage bidirectional switching element in series with a low-pass filter on the secondary side and current bidirectional switching element on the primary side driven at close to 50% duty ratio with adjustable dead time between switching. The adjustable dead-time is realized by sensing voltages across paired primary side current bidirectional switching element in order to enable alternate turn ON of said pair only at zero voltage, thereby eliminating or greatly reducing switching losses under all load current conditions. The output voltage is regulated by PWM control of the voltage bidirectional switching element comprising one of the following: a bipolar transistor, or a MOSFET in series with a diode, or preferably a saturable reactor in series with a diode to form a magnetic amplifier on the secondary side.

Claims

1. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter comprising

an isolation transformer with two secondary windings and one primary winding, each secondary winding having one end connected to an output return current path and the other end coupled to an output low-pass filter at a common junction by a separate one of a pair of voltage bidirectional switches, said two secondary windings being wound in opposite sense, such as in a half-bridge converter,

means for regulation of output voltage from said low-pass filter,

a pair of current bidirectional switching means connected to said primary winding for convening a dc voltage to a square-wave voltage, said pair of current bidirectional switching means being responsive to control means for alternately turning on each of said pair of current bidirectional switching means at a constant switching frequency with a duty ratio close to 50% and with an adjustable dead time between turning off one of said pair of current bidirectional switching means and turning on the other of said pair of switching means, said dead time being sufficient to assure that voltage across the other of said pair of current bidirectional switching means drops to zero volts before the other of said pair of current bidirectional switching means is turned on, thereby assuring zero volt switching of said pair of current bidirectional switching means for converting a dc voltage to a square-wave voltage, wherein each of said pair of voltage bidirectional switches couples a separate one of said two secondary windings to said low-pass filter at said common junction, thereby delaying turn-on voltage through one of said voltage bidirectional switches that is off while the other of said voltage bidirectional switches that is on is turned off, thereby providing voltage out of phase with current at said common junction until said one voltage bidirectional switch is turned on,

means for sensing voltage at a common point between said pair of current bidirectional switching means connected to said primary winding, and

means responsive to said sensing means for enabling alternate turn on of each of said pair of current bidirectional switching means only at zero voltage,

whereby zero volts switching is preserved for primary current bidirectional switching means and secondary bidirectional voltage switches under all operating conditions from full load current to no-load while said output voltage regulation means maintain output voltage constant.

2. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter as defined in claim 1 wherein said output voltage regulation means comprising

means for comparing output voltage from said low-pass filter with a reference voltage set to regulate desired output voltage to a load, and

means response to said comparing means for providing a control signal to each of said pair of voltage bidirectional switches to regulate output voltage at a level set by said reference voltage.

3. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter as defined in claim 1 including a second pair of current bidirectional switching means connected to said primary winding to form with said first pair of switching means a full-bridge dc-to-dc converter.

4. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter as defined in claim 1 wherein said transformer includes 2N secondary windings associated in pairs, where N is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and each secondary winding of each pair has one end connected to its corresponding output return current path and the other end coupled to a separate low-pass filter at a common junction by a separate pair of voltage bidirectional switches, said two secondary windings associated in pairs being wound in opposite sense to each other, thereby providing voltage out of phase with current at said common junction of said separate low-pass filter until separate ones of said pair of voltage bidirectional switches to be turned on are on.

5. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter as defined in claim 1 with two primary windings, each primary winding connected to one of said current bidirectional switching means to form a push-pull dc-to-dc converter.

6. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter comprising

an isolation transformer with two secondary windings and one primary winding, each secondary winding having one end connected to an output return current path and the other end coupled to a low-pass filter at a common junction by one of a pair of magnetic amplifier switches, each of said pair of magnetic amplifier switches comprising a saturable reactor and series connected diode for coupling a separate one of said two secondary windings to said low-pass filter at said common junction, and said two secondary windings being wound in opposite sense,

at least one pair of current bidirectional switching means connected to said primary winding for converting a dc voltage to a square-wave voltage, said pair of current bidirectional switching means being responsive to control means for alternately turning on each of said pair of current bidirectional switching means at a constant switching frequency with a duty ratio close to 50% and with an adjustable dead time between turning off one of said pair of current bidirectional switching means and turning on the other of said pair of current bidirectional switching means, said dead time being sufficient to assure that voltage across the other of said pair of current bidirectional switching means drops to zero volts before the other of said pair of current bidirectional switching means is turned on, thereby assuring zero volt switching of said pair of current bidirectional switching means for converting a dc voltage to a square-wave voltage, and

means for providing a reset control current at a junction between said saturable reactor and series diode of each of said pair of magnetic amplifier switches for regulation of voltage at an output terminal of said low-pass filter, thereby delaying turn-on voltage through said saturable reactor of a diode that is off of said magnetic amplifier switches while a diode that is on is turned off, thereby providing voltage out of phase with current to said low-pass filter until said saturable reactor in series with said diode to be turned on saturates.

7. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter circuit as defined in claim 6 including output voltage regulation means comprising

means for comparing output voltage from said low-pass filter with a reference voltage set to regulate desired output voltage to a load, and

means responsive to said comparing means for providing said control current to each of said pair of magnetic amplifier switches to regulate output voltage to a load at a level set by said reference voltage.

8. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter circuit as defined in claim 7 including means for sensing voltage at a common point between said pair of current bidirectional switching means connected to said primary winding, and means responsive to said sensing means for alternately turning on each of said pair of current bidirectional switches only at zero voltage, whereby zero volt switching is preserved for all operating conditions over an extended range of soft switching while said output voltage regulation means maintain output voltage to said load constant over a wide range from no load to full load.

9. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter as defined in claim 7 including a second pair of current bidirectional switching means connected to said primary winding to operate with said first pair of switching means as a full-bridge dc-to-dc converter.

10. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter as defined in claim 7 wherein said transformer includes 2N secondary windings associated in pairs, where N is an integer equal to or greater than 2, and each secondary winding of each pair has one end connected to an output return current path and the other end coupled to a separate low-pass filter at a common junction by a separate pair of magnetic amplifier switches, said two secondary windings associated in pairs being wound in opposite sense to each other and said separate pair of magnetic amplifier switches for each pair of secondary windings each comprising a separate saturable reactor and series connected diode, thereby providing voltage out of phase with current from said separate pair of magnetic amplifiers to said separate low-pass filter until each separate saturable inductor of separate ones of said pair of magnetic amplifier switches in series with a diode connected to the associated low-pass filter saturates to turn said diode connected in series with said associated low-pass filter.

11. A soft-switching dc-to-dc converter as defined in claim 6 with two primary windings, each primary winding connected to one of said current bidirectional switching means to form a push-pull dc-to-dc converter.