Apparatus for detecting out of phase of power systems and method for detecting the same

• US 5,539,655 A
• Filed: 03/23/1994
• Issued: 07/23/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 03/25/1993
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (Toshiba Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (Toshiba Corporation)
• Inventors: Sato, Masahiro
• Primary Examiner(s): Voeltz, Emanuel T.
• Assistant Examiner(s): CHOI, KYLE JAEHUN
• Application Number:
  US08/216,426
• Time in Patent Office: 853 Days
• Field of Search: 364/483, 364/492, 364/494, 364/495, 364/554, 324/424, 324/76.52, 324/76.74, 324/76.77, 324/141, 324/142, 322/20-25, 361/85, 323/205, 323/207, 323/212, 331/1 R, 363/98
• US Class Current: 700/291
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 19/25 using digital measurement techniques
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 21/133 by using digital technique
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 25/00 Arrangements for measuring phase angle between a voltage and a current or between voltages or currents
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/241 The oscillation concerning frequency
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/242 using phasor measuring units [PMU]
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 40/70 Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/00 Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/22 Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS] or power factor or reactive power compensating or correcting units

Abstract

An out of phase detecting apparatus according to the present invention includes a measurement unit for measuring an effective power and a current effective value at a tie point of power systems at a predetermined cycle, a power trend detection unit for detecting a trend of the effective powers measured in sequence by the measurement unit, a current trend detection unit for detecting a trend of the current effective values measured in sequence by the measurement unit, a power level determination unit for determining a relationship in strength between each of the measured powers and a steady effective power P₀ obtained when the power systems are in a steady state, and an out of phase detection unit for detecting whether an out of phase condition occurs in the power systems based on the trend of the measured effective powers, the trend of the measured current effective values, and the relationship in strength between the steady effective power P₀ and each effective power.

Claims

1. An apparatus for detecting an oscillation of generator output power in power systems in order to stabilize the power systems, comprising:

a measurement device including a power detector which measures an effective power of an electrical signal at a tie point on an interconnection tie of the power systems at a predetermined cycle and a current detector which detects a current effective value of the electrical signal at the tie point on the interconnection tie of the power systems at the predetermined cycle;

power trend detection means to which the effective power is supplied in sequence from said measurement device, for comparing an effective power P(t) measured at time t and an effective power P(t-Δ

t) measured at time (t-Δ

t) which is a predetermined time Δ

t before the time t, and detecting a trend of the effective power;

current trend detection means to which the current effective value is supplied in sequence from said measurement device, for comparing a current effective value I(t) measured at the time t and a current effective value I(t-Δ

t) measured at the time (t-Δ

t), and detecting a trend of the current effective value;

power level determination means in which an effective power P_o at steady state measured by said measurement device when the power systems are in a steady state is stored previously and to which the effective power is supplied in sequence from said measurement device, for determining whether the effective power P(t) is stronger than the effective power P_o and outputting a power determination result; and

out of phase detection means for detecting whether an out of phase condition occurs in the power systems, based on the trend of the effective power, the trend of the current effective value, and the power determination result.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said power trend detection means subtracts the effective power P(t-Δ

t) from the effective power P(t) to obtain a subtraction value Δ

P, and outputs a power trend signal indicative of a polarity of the subtraction value Δ

P as the trend of the effective power;

said current trend detection means subtracts the current effective value I(t-Δ

t) from the current effective value I(t) to obtain a subtraction value Δ

I, and outputs a current trend signal indicative of a polarity of the subtraction value Δ

I as the trend of the current effective value;

said power level determination means subtracts the effective power P₀) at steady state from the effective power P(t) to obtain a subtraction value (P(t)-P₀) ), and outputs a power determination signal indicative of a polarity of the subtraction value (P(t)-P₀) ) as the power determination result; and

said out of phase detection means determines whether the out of phase condition occurs in the power systems in response to a combination of the power trend signal, the current trend signal, and the power determination signal.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said out of phase detection means determines that the out of phase has occurred in the power systems between the time (t-Δ

t) and the time t when the following condition 1 is satisfied at the time (t-Δ

t) and the following condition 2 is satisfied at the time t;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)>

0, Δ

P<

0, Δ

I>

0 condition 1

where P=P(t-Δ

t), Δ

P=P(t-Δ

t)-P(t-2Δ

t), Δ

I=I(t-Δ

t)-I(t-2Δ

t), and

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)>

0, Δ

P<

0, Δ

I>

0 condition 2

where P=P(t), Δ

P=P(t)-P(t-Δ

t), Δ

I=I(t)-I(t-Δ

t).

4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said out of phase detection means determines that the out of phase has occurred in the power systems between the time (t-Δ

t) and the time t when the following condition 3 is satisfied at the time (t-Δ

t) and the following condition 4 is satisfied at the time t;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P>

0, Δ

I>

0 condition 3

where P=P(t-Δ

t), Δ

P=P(t-Δ

t)-P(t-2Δ

t), Δ

I=I(t-Δ

t)-I(t-2Δ

t), and

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P>

0, Δ

I<

0 condition 4

where P=P(t), Δ

P=P(t)-P(t-Δ

t), Δ

I=I(t)-I(t-Δ

t).

5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said out of phase detection means determines that the out of phase has occurred in the power systems between the time (t-Δ

t) and the time t when the following condition 5 is satisfied at the time (t-Δ

t), the following condition 6 is satisfied at the time t, and a maximum value of the effective power P(t) is smaller than the effective power P₀) at the steady state;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P>

0, Δ

I>

0 condition 5

where P=P(t-Δ

t), Δ

P=P(t-Δ

t)-P(t-2Δ

t), Δ

I=I(t-Δ

t)-I(t-2Δ

t), and

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P<

0, Δ

I>

0 condition 6

where P=P(t), Δ

P=P(t)-P(t-Δ

t), Δ

I=I(t)-I(t-Δ

t).

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising means for opening the tie point or a line between the power systems when said out of phase detection means detects that the out of phase condition has occurred.

7. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said means for opening includes a circuit breaker.

8. An apparatus for detecting an out of phase condition occurring in power systems in order to stabilize the power systems, comprising:

a measurement device including a power detector which measures an effective power of an electrical signal at a tie point on an interconnection tie of the power systems at a predetermined cycle and a current detector which detects a current effective value of the electrical signal at the tie point on the interconnection tie of the power systems at the predetermined cycle;

prediction means to which the effective power and the current effective value are supplied in sequence from said measurement device, for predicting effective powers P(T) and P(T+Δ

T) and current effective values I(T) and I(T+Δ

T) at future times T and (T+Δ

T) in accordance with a trend of the effective power and the current effective value supplied from said measurement device;

power trend prediction means to which the predicted effective powers are supplied in sequence from said prediction means, for comparing the predicted effective powers P(T) and P(T+Δ

T), and detecting a trend of the predicted effective power at the future time (T+Δ

T);

current trend prediction means to which the predicted effective values are supplied in sequence from said prediction means, for comparing the predicted current effective values I(T) and I(T+Δ

T), and detecting a trend of the predicted effective value at the future time (T+Δ

T);

power level determination means in which an effective power P_o at steady state measured by said measurement device when the power systems are in a steady state is stored previously and to which the predicted effective power P(T+Δ

T) is supplied from said prediction means, for determining whether the predicted effective power P(T+Δ

T) is stronger than the effective power P_o at steady state and outputting a predicted power determination result; and

out of phase prediction means for predicting whether an out of phase condition occurs in the power systems by the future time (T+Δ

T), based on the trend of the predicted effective power, the trend of the predicted current effective value, and the power determination result.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said prediction means determines coefficients A, B, C and D of the following function (1) and coefficients a, b, c and d of the following function (2) such that the coefficients coincide with effective powers P₁, P₂, . . . , P_n+1 and current effective values I₁, I₂, . . . , I_n+1 which are input in sequence from said measurement means at a time interval Δ

T according to the predetermined cycle;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">P=At.sup.n +Bt.sup.n-1 . . . Ct+D function (1)

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">I=at.sup.n +bt.sup.n-1 . . . ct+d function (2)

where t is start time (t=0) at which P₁ or I₁ is actually measured and n is an integer, the predicted effective powers P(T) and P(T+Δ

T) and the predicted current effective values I(T) and I(T+Δ

T) being calculated from the functions (1) and (2).

10. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said power trend prediction means subtracts the predicted effective power P(T) from the predicted effective power P(T+Δ

T) to obtain a subtraction value Δ

P, and outputs a predicted power trend signal indicative of a polarity of the subtraction value Δ

P as the trend of the predicted effective power;

said current trend prediction means subtracts the predicted current effective value I(T) from the predicted current effective value I(T+Δ

T) to obtain a subtraction value Δ

I, and outputs a predicted current trend signal indicative of a polarity of the subtraction value Δ

I as the trend of the predicted current effective value;

said power level determination means subtracts the effective power P₀) at steady state from the predicted effective power P(T+Δ

T) to obtain a subtraction value (P(T+Δ

T)-P₀), and outputs a predicted power determination signal indicative of a polarity of the subtraction value (P(T+Δ

T)-P₀) as the predicted power determination result; and

said out of phase prediction means determines whether the out of phase condition occurs in the power systems in response to a combination of the predicted power trend signal, the predicted current trend signal, and the polarity of the predicted power determination signal.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said out of phase prediction means predicts that the out of phase condition will occur in the power systems between the future time (T) and the future time (T+Δ

T) when the following condition 1 is satisfied at the future time (T) and the following condition 2 is satisfied at the future time (T+Δ

T);

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)>

0, Δ

P>

0, Δ

I>

0 condition 1

where P=P(T), Δ

P=P(T)-P(T-Δ

T), Δ

I=I(T)-I(t-Δ

T), and

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P<

0I>

0 condition 2

where P=P(T+Δ

T), Δ

P=P(T+Δ

T)-P(T), Δ

I=I(T+Δ

T)-I(T).

12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said out of phase prediction means predicts that the out of phase will occur in the power systems between the future time (T) and the future time (T+Δ

T) when the following condition 3 is satisfied at the future time (T) and the following condition 4 is satisfied at the future time (T+Δ

T);

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P>

0I>

0 condition 3

where P=P(T+Δ

T), Δ

P=P(T+Δ

T)-P(T), Δ

I=I(T)-I(T-Δ

T), and

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P>

0, Δ

I<

0 condition 4

where P=P(T+Δ

T), Δ

P=P(T+Δ

T)-P(T), Δ

I=I(T+Δ

T)-I(T).

13. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said out of phase prediction means predicts that the out of phase will occur in the power systems between the future time (T) and the future time (T+Δ

T) when the following condition 5 is satisfied at the future time (T), the following condition 6 is satisfied at the future time (T+Δ

T), and a maximum value of the predicted effective power P(T+Δ

T)) is smaller than the effective power P₀) at steady state;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P>

0Δ

I>

0 conditions 5

where P=P(T), Δ

P=P(T)-P(T-Δ

T), Δ

I=I(T)-I(T-Δ

T), and

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(P-P.sub.0)<

0, Δ

P<

0Δ

I>

0 conditions 6

where P=P(T+Δ

T), Δ

P=P(T+Δ

T)-P(T), Δ

I=I(T+Δ

T)-I(T).

14. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising means for opening the tie point or a predetermined line of the interconnection tie when said out of phase prediction means predicts that the out of phase will occur.

15. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said means for opening includes a circuit breaker.

16. An apparatus for detecting an out of phase condition occurring in power systems in order to stabilize the power systems, comprising:

a measurement device including a power detector which measures an effective power of an electrical signal at a tie point on an interconnection tie of the power systems at a predetermined cycle and a current detector which detects a current effective value of the electrical signal at the tie point on the interconnection tie of the power systems at the predetermined cycle;

prediction means to which the effective power and the current effective value are supplied in sequence from said measurement device, for predicting an effective power at a future time T in accordance with a trend of the effective power and the current effective value supplied from said measurement device;

determination means in which an effective power P_o at steady state measured by said measurement device when the power systems are in a steady state is stored previously and to which the predicted effective power is supplied from said prediction means, for determining whether the effective power P_o at steady state and the predicted effective power coincide with each other; and

estimation means for estimating a time required until the effective power P_o and the predicted effective power coincide with each other when said determination means determines that both the powers coincide.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein said prediction means determines coefficients A, B, C and D of the following function (1) and coefficients a, b, c and d of the following function (2) such that the coefficients coincide with effective powers P₁, P₂, . . . , P_n+1 and current effective values I₁, I₂, . . . , I_n+1 the most suitably, which are input in sequence from said measurement device at a time interval Δ

T according to the predetermined cycle;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">P=At.sup.n +Bt.sup.n-1 . . . Ct+D (1)

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">I=At.sup.n +bt.sup.n-1 . . . ct+d (2)

where t is start time (t=0) at which P₁ or I₁ is actually measured and n is an integer, the predicted effective powers P(T) and P(T+Δ

T) and the predicted current effective values I(T) and I(T+Δ

T) being calculated from the functions (1) and (2), and

wherein said determination means determines whether the following determination equation (3) and (4) are satisfied;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">(B.sup.2 -4A(C-P.sub.0))>

0 (3)

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">I(T)<

I(T+Δ

T) (4)

and

said estimation means estimates a time until the power systems becomes the out of phase condition from the following estimation equation (5);

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">T.sub.p ={(-B+) (B.sup.2 -4A(C-P.sub.0)).sup.1/2 }/(2A) (5).

18. An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein:

said estimation means also estimates a time until the power systems become the out of phase condition, and

said apparatus further includes;

means for opening the tie point or a line between the power systems using the estimated time until the power systems become the out of phase condition.

19. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein said means for opening includes a circuit breaker.

20. A method for detecting an out of phase condition occurring in power systems, comprising:

a measurement step of measuring an effective power signal of an electrical signal using a power detector and an effective current signal of the electrical signal using a current detector at a tie point on an interconnection tie of the power systems at a predetermined cycle;

a power trend detection step of detecting a trend of a plurality of effective power signals measured in sequence by said measurement step;

a current trend detection step of detecting a trend of a plurality of effective current signals measured in sequence by said measurement step;

a power level determination step of determining whether an effective power P_o) at steady state is stronger than each of the plurality of effective power signals measured in sequence by said measurement step; and

an out of phase detection step of detecting whether an out of phase condition occurs in the power systems, based on trend of the effective power signals and outputting a power determination result, the trend of the effective current signals, and the power determination result.

21. A method according to claim 20, further comprising the step of:

opening a connection between the power systems when the out of phase detection step detects that the out of phase conditions occurs.

22. A method according to claim 21, wherein the opening step opens the connection by opening a circuit breaker.

23. A method for detecting an out of phase condition occurring in power systems, comprising:

a measurement step of measuring an effective power signal of an electrical signal using a power detector and an effective current signal of the electrical signal using a current detector at a tie point on an interconnection tie of the power systems at a predetermined cycle;

a prediction step of predicting effective power signals P(T) and P(T+Δ

T) and effective current signals I(T) and I(T+Δ

T) at future times T and (T+Δ

T) in accordance with a trend of the effective power signal and the effective current signal measured by said measurement step;

a power trend prediction step of comparing the effective power signals P(T) and P(T+Δ

T) predicted by said prediction step and detecting a trend of the predicted effective power at the future time (T+Δ

);

a current trend prediction step of comparing the effective current signals I(T) and I(T+Δ

T) predicted by said prediction step and detecting a trend of the predicted effective current signal at the future time (T+Δ

T);

a power level determination step of determining whether the effective power P_o at steady state of the power system is stronger than the effective power signal P(T+Δ

T) predicted by said prediction step; and

an out of phase prediction step of predicting whether an out of phase condition occurs in the power systems by the future time (T+Δ

T), based on the trend of the predicted effective power signal, the trend of the predicted effective current signal, and the power determination result.

24. A method according to claim 23, further comprising the step of:

opening a connection between the power systems when the out of phase prediction step predicts that the out of phase condition occurs.

25. A method according to claim 24, wherein the opening step opens the connection by opening a circuit breaker.

26. A method for detecting an out of phase condition occurring in power systems, comprising:

a measurement step of measuring an effective power signal of an electrical signal using a power detector and an effective current signal of the electrical signal using a current detector at a tie point on an interconnection tie of the power systems at a predetermined cycle;

a prediction step of predicting an effective power signal at a future time in accordance with a trend of the effective power signal and the effective current signal measured in sequence by said measurement step;

a determination step of determining whether an effective power P_o at steady state of the power systems and the effective power signal predicted by said prediction step coincide with each other; and

an estimation step of estimating a time required until the effective power P_o and the predicted effective power signal coincide with each other when it is determined by said determination step that the effective power P_o and the predicted effective power signal coincide with each other.

27. A method according to claim 26, further comprising the step of:

opening a connection between the power systems using the time estimated by the estimation step.

28. A method according to claim 27, wherein the opening step opens the connection by opening a circuit breaker.

29. An apparatus for detecting an out of phase condition occurring in power systems in order to stabilize the power systems, comprising:

measurement means for measuring an effective power and a current effective value at a tie point on an interconnection tie of the power systems at a predetermined cycle;

prediction means to which the effective power and the current effective value are supplied in sequence from said measurement means, for predicting effective powers P(T) and P(T+Δ

T) and current values I(T) and I(T+Δ

T) at future times T and (T+Δ

T) in accordance with a trend of the effective power and the current effective value supplied from said measurement means;

power trend prediction means to which the predicted effective powers are supplied in sequence from said prediction means, for comparing the predicted effective powers P(T) and P(T+Δ

T), and detecting a trend of the predicted effective power at the future time (T+Δ

T);

current trend prediction means to which the predicted effective values are supplied in sequence from said prediction means, for comparing the predicted current effective values I(T) and I(T+Δ

T), and detecting a trend of the predicted effective value at the future time (T+Δ

T);

power level determination means in which an effective power P_o at steady state measured by said measurement means when the power systems are in a steady state is stored previously and to which the predicted effective power P(T+Δ

T) is supplied from said prediction means, for determining whether the predicted effective power P(T+Δ

T) is stronger than the effective power P_o at steady state and outputting a predicted power determination result; and

out of phase prediction means for predicting whether an out of phase condition occurs in the power systems by the future time (T+Δ

T), based on the trend of the predicted effective power, the trend of the predicted current effective value, and the power determination result,

the apparatus further comprising means for opening the tie point or a predetermined line of the interconnection tie when said out of phase prediction means predicts that the out of phase will occur.