TDOA/FDOA technique for locating a transmitter

• US 5,570,099 A
• Filed: 10/15/1993
• Issued: 10/29/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 10/15/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Lockheed Martin Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Loral Federal Systems Company
• Inventors: DesJardins, Gerard A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Issing, Gregory C.
• Application Number:
  US08/138,154
• Time in Patent Office: 1,110 Days
• Field of Search: 342/378, 342/189, 342/420, 342/449, 342/444, 342/465, 342/445, 367/100, 367/125, 367/126
• US Class Current: 342/378
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 1/026 of associated receivers
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 1/04 Details
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 5/06 Position of source determined by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements G01S5/12 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 5/22 Position of source determined by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements G01S5/28 takes precedence

Abstract

A process for locating a transmitter in which the signal is received by first and second receivers and then processed by respective analog to digital converters and filtered to yield first and second digital signals. There is relative motion between at least one of the receivers and the transmitter. A compression process local to the first receiver compresses the first digital signal. The result of the compression process is transmitted to a cross-correlation unit which is local to the second receiver and coupled also to receive the second digital signal. Locally to the first receiver, correction factors for the solution to the cross-correlation function are determined and transmitted to a correction unit at the second receiver site which applies the correction factors to the solution of the cross-correlation function. The location of the transmitter is determined based on time difference of arrival and frequency difference of arrival results output from the correction unit. If there is no relative motion between the transmitter and any receiver, then three receivers are necessary to locate the transmitter. The outputs are analog to digital converted and filtered to yield first, second and third digital signals. A compression process at the first receiver site compresses the first digital signal. The compressed signal data is transmitted to convolution units local to the second and third receivers and convolved with the second and third digital signals, respectively. Then correction factors for both convolution units are determined local to the first receiver and transmitted to correction units at both the second and third receiver sites. The location of the transmitter is then determined based on two time difference of arrival results.

Claims

1. A process for locating a transmitter, said process comprising the steps of:

receiving at a first receiver a signal transmitted by said transmitter;

analog to digital converting the signal received by said first receiver to yield a first digital signal;

compressing the first digital signal or another digital signal derived from said first digital signal;

receiving at a second receiver the signal transmitted by said transmitter, wherein there is relative motion between said first or second receiver and said transmitter;

analog to digital converting the signal received by said second receiver to yield a second digital signal;

transmitting the compressed signal to a cross-correlation unit local to said second receiver and coupled also to receive said second digital signal or another digital signal derived from said second digital signal;

using said cross-correlation unit to generate and solve a cross-correlation function based on said compressed signal and said second digital signal or other digital signal derived from said second digital signal; and

determining, locally to said first receiver, correction factors for the solution to the cross-correlation function, and transmitting said correction factors to a correction unit which applies said correction factors to the solution of said cross-correlation function.

2. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said compressing step represents said first digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said first digital signal by phase information comprising substantially fewer bits than the phase information before the compressing step.

3. A process as set forth in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

finite impulse response filtering said first digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said first digital signal; and

finite impulse response filtering said second digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said second digital signal.

4. A process as set forth in claim 3 wherein said cross-correlation function is defined by ##EQU19## where e^j(θ

(n)π

/2.spsp.M.sup.θ

.spsp.-1.sup.) is the quantized phase representation of the compressed signal, s₂ represents the conjugate of the output of the finite impulse response filtering step of said second digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said second digital signal, n is the complex sample index, k is the τ

index, Δ

is the Fourier Transform angle increment and l is the ν

index.

5. A process as set forth in claim 3 wherein said correction factors are defined by ##EQU20## where e^j(θ

(n)π

/2.spsp.M.sup.θ

.spsp.-1.sup.) is the quantized phase representation of the compressed signal, s₁ represents the conjugate of the output of the finite impulse response filtering of said first digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said first digital signal, n is the complex sample index, k is the τ

index (-2≦

k≦

2), Δ

is the Fourier Transform angle increment and l is the ν

index (-2≦

l≦

2).

6. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said compressing step is performed by ##EQU21## where M.sub.θ

(≧

1) is the number of bits used to represent each θ

.

7. A process as set forth in claim 3 wherein said cross-correlation step is defined by ##EQU22## is the quantized magnitude and phase representation of the compressed signal, s₂ represents the conjugate of the output of the finite impulse response filtering step of said second digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said second digital signal, n is the complex sample index, k is the τ

index, Δ

is the Fourier Transform angle increment and l is the ν

index.

8. A process as set forth in claim 3 wherein said correction factors are defined by ##EQU23## is the quantized magnitude and phase representation of the compressed signal, s₁ represents the conjugate of the output of the finite impulse response filtering of said first digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said first digital signal, n is the complex sample index, k is the τ

index (-2≦

k≦

2), Δ

is the Fourier Transform angle increment and l is the ν

index (-2≦

l≦

2).

9. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said compressing step is performed by ##EQU24## and M_a, (≧

1) is the number of bits used to represent each a; and

##EQU25## where M.sub.θ

(≧

1) is the number of bits used to represent each θ

.

10. A process as set forth in claim 3 wherein said cross-correlation step is defined by ##EQU26## is the quantized real and imaginary representation of the compressed signal, s₂ represents the conjugate of the output of the finite impulse response filtering step of said second digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said second digital signal, n is the complex sample index, k is the τ

index, Δ

is the Fourier Transform angle increment and l is the ν

index.

11. A process as set forth in claim 3 wherein said correction factors are defined by ##EQU27## is the quantized real and imaginary representation of the compressed signal, s₁ represents the conjugate of the output of the finite impulse response filtering of said first digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said first distal signal, n is the complex sample index, k is the τ

index (-2≦

k≦

2), Δ

is the Fourier Transform angle increment and l is the ν

index (-2≦

l≦

2).

12. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said compressing step is performed by ##EQU28## and M_R is the number of bits used to represent the real part;

and ##EQU29## and M_Q is the number of bits used to represent the imaginary part.

13. A process as set forth in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

converting said first digital signal to a complex baseband signal, the compressing step being performed using said complex baseband signal or a digital signal derived from said complex baseband signal; and

converting said second digital signal to a complex baseband signal, the cross-correlation function being performed using said complex baseband signal or a digital signal derived from said complex baseband signal.

14. A process as set forth in claim 13 further comprising the steps of:

finite impulse response filtering said complex baseband signal derived from said first digital signal and performing the compression step and correction computation using the finite impulse response filtered signal; and

finite impulse response filtering said complex baseband signal derived from said second digital signal and performing the cross-correlation function generating step using the finite impulse response filtered signal.

15. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said cross-correlation function generating step yields a difference in time delay, difference in frequency and difference in phase between the signal received at said first receiver and the signal received at said second receiver.

16. A process as set forth in claim 15 further comprising the subsequent steps of determining the location of said transmitter based on the corrected solution to said cross-correlation function.

17. A process as set forth in claim 16 wherein the determining step is performed by determining the difference in range between said transmitter and each of said receivers and the difference in velocity between said receivers.

18. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said transmitter transmits radio or microwave signals, and said receivers receives said radio or microwave signals with an antenna and amplifier.

19. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said correction unit is local to said second receiver.

20. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein both of said receivers are moving.

21. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said transmitter transmits acoustic, sonic or ultrasonic waves and each of said receivers transduces said acoustic, sonic or ultrasonic waves to a corresponding electrical signal.

22. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said phase information indicates only a quadrant in a complex plane in which the phase of each digital sample resides.

23. A process as set forth in claim 16 further comprising the subsequent step of supplying said location information to a weapon control system and processing said location information by said weapon control system.

24. A process for locating a transmitter, said process comprising the steps of:

receiving at a first receiver a signal transmitted by said transmitter;

analog to digital converting the signal received by said first receiver to yield a first digital signal;

compressing said first digital signal or another digital signal derived from said first digital signal;

receiving at a second receiver the signal transmitted by said transmitter;

analog to digital converting the signal received by said second receiver to yield a second digital signal;

receiving at a third receiver a signal transmitted by said transmitter;

analog to digital converting the signal received by said third receiver to yield a third digital signal;

transmitting the compressed signal to a convolution unit local to said second receiver and convolving said compressed signal with said second digital signal or another digital signal derived from said second digital signal;

transmitting said compressed signal to a convolution unit local to said third receiver and convolving said compressed signal with said third digital signal or another digital signal derived from said third digital signal;

determining, locally to said first receiver, correction factors for the solution to both convolution units, transmitting said correction factors to a correction unit local to said second receiver which applies said correction factors to an output of the convolution unit local to said second receiver, and transmitting said correction factors to a correction unit local to said third receiver which applies said correction factors to an output of the convolution unit local to said third receiver.

25. A process as set forth in claim 24 further comprising the steps of:

determining a time difference of arrival between the signals received at said first and third receivers based on the output of said correction unit which is local to said third receiver; and

determining a time difference of arrival between the signals received at said first and second receivers based on the output of said correction unit which is local to said second receiver.

26. A process as set forth in claim 25 further comprising the step of determining the location of the transmitter based on the two time difference of arrival measurements.

27. A process as set forth in claim 24 wherein said compressing step represents said first digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said first digital signal by information comprising substantially fewer bits than the information before the compressing step.

28. A process as set forth in claim 24 further comprising the steps of:

filtering said first digital signal; and

filtering said second digital signal.

29. A process as set forth in claim 28 wherein each of said convolution units performs the function of ##EQU30## is the quantized representation of the compressed signal, s_i represents the output of the filtering step of the ith (second or third) digital signal or said other digital signal derived from said ith digital signal, n is the sample index, and k is the τ

index.

30. A process as set forth in claim 28 wherein said correction factors are defined by ##EQU31## is the quantized representation of the compressed signal, s_i represents the output of the filtering of said first distal signal or said other digital signal derived from said first digital signal, n is the sample index, and k is the τ

index (-2≦

k≦

2).

31. A process as set forth in claim 24 wherein said compressing step is performed by ##EQU32## where M_s (≧

1) is the number of bits used to represent each s.

32. A process as set forth in claim 26 further comprising the subsequent step of supplying said location information to a weapon control system and processing said location information by said weapon control system.

33. A system for locating a transmitter, said system comprising:

a first receiver for receiving a signal transmitted by said transmitter;

a first analog to digital converter for converting the signal received by said first receiver to yield a first digital signal;

means for compressing the first digital signal or another digital signal derived from said first digital signal;

a second receiver for receiving the signal transmitted by said transmitter, wherein there is relative motion between said first or second receiver and said transmitter;

a second analog to digital converter for converting the signal received by said second receiver to yield a second digital signal;

a cross-correlation unit local to said second receiver and coupled to receive said second digital signal or another digital signal derived from said second digital signal;

means for transmitting the compressed signal to said cross-correlation unit, said cross-correlation unit generating and solving a cross-correlation function based on said compressed signal and said second digital signal or other distal signal derived from said second digital signal;

a correction unit; and

means for determining, locally to said first receiver, correction factors for the solution to the cross-correlation function, and transmitting said correction factors to said correction unit which applies said correction factors to the solution of said cross-correlation function.

35. A system as set forth in claim 33 wherein the compressing means is local to said first receiver.

34. A system for locating a transmitter, said system comprising:

a first receiver for receiving a signal transmitted by said transmitter;

a first analog to digital converter for converting the signal received by said first receiver to yield a first digital signal;

means for compressing said first digital signal or another digital signal derived from said first digital signal;

a second receiver for receiving the signal transmitted by said transmitter;

a second analog to digital converter for converting the signal received by said second receiver to yield a second digital signal;

a third receiver for receiving a signal transmitted by said transmitter;

a third analog to digital converter for converting the signal received by said third receiver to yield a third digital signal;

a first convolution unit local to said second receiver;

means for transmitting the compressed signal to said first convolution unit and convolving said compressed signal with said second digital signal or another digital signal derived from said second digital signal;

a second convolution unit local to said third receiver;

means for transmitting said compressed signal to said second convolution unit and convolving said compressed signal with said third digital signal or another digital signal derived from said third digital signal;

a first correction unit local to said second receiver;

a second correction unit local to said third receiver;

means for determining, locally to said first receiver, correction factors for the solution to both convolution units, transmitting said correction factors to said first correction unit which applies said correction factors to an output of said first convolution unit and transmitting said correction factors to said second correction unit which applies said correction factors to an output of said second convolution unit.