Electric vehicle battery charger

• US 5,581,171 A
• Filed: 06/10/1994
• Issued: 12/03/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 06/10/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Northrop Grumman Corporation
• Original Assignee: Northrop Grumman Corporation
• Inventors: Schantz, David L. Jr., Kerfoot, Charles S., O'Donnell, Patricia A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Nappi, Robert E.
• Application Number:
  US08/258,154
• Time in Patent Office: 907 Days
• Field of Search: 320/1, 320/50, 320/57, 320/27, 320/39, 320/40, 323/238, 323/235
• US Class Current: 320/137
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2200/26 Rail vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/20 characterised by converters located in the vehicle
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2207/20 Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/02 for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/7072 Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/12 Electric charging stations
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/14 Plug-in electric vehicles

Abstract

An on-board electric vehicle battery charger includes a surge limiter circuit, a power factor control circuit, and a resonant inverter circuit. The power factor control circuit includes a boost regulator circuit providing a fixed voltage on an output capacitor. The resonant inverter circuit uses a resonance capacitor and the leakage inductance of an output transformer to establish a resonance frequency at least 500 times the AC input power frequency.

Claims

1. An electrical vehicle battery charger, comprising:

an input circuit including a line filter for receiving Ac input power having an input power frequency and a voltage varying between first and second voltage values;

a surge limiter for limiting an initial inrush current, when the battery charger is activated, to a first inrush current value, said surge limiter including an inrush rectifier coupled to the input circuit, a surge limiting resistor connected in series with the inrush rectifier, a pair of controlled rectifier devices each having a control terminal and a pair of switch terminals connected in parallel with the inrush rectifier and the surge limiting resistor, and means coupled to the power factor control circuit for selectively activating the controlled rectifier device control terminals at a time subsequent to activation of the battery charger

a power factor control circuit coupled to the input circuit for maintaining the power factor of the AC input power above a first power factor value, the power factor control circuit having an output capacitor, a boost regulator circuit for establishing an output voltage across the output capacitor, and a regulator control circuit for maintaining the output voltage above the second AC input voltage value; and

a resonant inverter circuit coupled to the power factor control circuit for converting energy stored in the output capacitor in to a DC charging current at a charging voltage for charging a vehicle battery.

2. An electric vehicle battery charger, comprising:

an input circuit for receiving AC input power having voltage varying between first and second voltage values and an input power frequency;

a power factor control circuit for maintaining a power factor of the AC input power above a first power factor value, the power factor control circuit comprising an output capacitor having first and second terminals, a boost regulator circuit for establishing an output voltage across the output capacitor, and a regulator control circuit for maintaining the output voltage above the second voltage value;

an inverter circuit for converting energy stored in the output capacitor into a DC charging current at a charging voltage for charging a vehicle battery, the inverter circuit comprising;

two pairs of MOS controlled thyristors (MCTs) each having a gate terminal and first and second switching terminals, the first switching terminal of one of the MCTs in each pair being coupled to the first terminal of the output capacitor, the second terminal of the other MCT in each pair being coupled to the second terminal of the output capacitor, and the remaining switching terminals of the MCTs in each pair being connected at a respective MCT junction;

a plurality of MCT gate drive circuits each including a gate driver circuit and separate floating power supply;

an output rectifier circuit;

an output transformer having a secondary winding connected to the output rectifier circuit, a center tap connected to a negative terminal of the battery, a primary winding having a first terminal coupled to one of the MCT junctions, and a leakage inductance; and

a resonance capacitor having a first terminal coupled to the other of the MCT junctions and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of the primary winding, the resonance capacitor and leakage inductance establishing a resonant frequency of the inverter circuit greater than the input power frequency by at least a factor of 500.

3. An electric vehicle battery charger, comprising:

an input circuit for receiving AC input power having an input power frequency and a voltage varying between first and second voltage values;

a power factor control circuit coupled to the input circuit for maintaining the power factor of the AC input power above a first power factor value, the power factor control circuit having an output capacitor, a boost regulator circuit for establishing an output voltage across the output capacitor, and a regulator control circuit for maintaining the output voltage above the second AC input voltage value; and

a resonant inverter circuit including a plurality of controlled thyristors coupled to the power factor control circuit for converting energy stored in the output capacitor into a DC charging current at a charging voltage for charging a vehicle battery,

said inverter circuit further including a respective gate drive circuit for each of said plurality of controlled thyristors and a separate floating power supply for each said gate drive circuit.

4. An electric vehicle battery charger as recited in claim 3, wherein each of the floating power supplies comprises a separate single power supply providing positive and negative power inputs to a respective gate drive circuit.

5. An electric vehicle battery charger as recited in claim 4, wherein each of the floating power supplies includes a base load device, and wherein the inverter circuit includes a common power supply control circuit for the floating power supplies and a current source circuit connected between the input circuit and the power supply control circuit.

6. An electric vehicle battery charger as recited in claim 5, wherein the current source circuit comprises a rectifier bridge circuit having an input and an output, a first capacitor connected in series with the input of the rectifier bridge circuit, and a second capacitor connected in parallel with the output of the rectifier bridge circuit.

7. A electric vehicle battery charger as recited in claim 3 wherein said plurality of controlled thyristors comprises MOS controlled thyristors.

8. An electric vehicle battery charger, comprising:

an input circuit for receiving AC input power having an input power frequency and a voltage varying between first and second voltage values;

a power factor control circuit coupled to the input circuit for maintaining the power factor of the AC input power above a first power factor value, the power factor control circuit having an output capacitor, a boost regulator circuit for establishing an output voltage across the output capacitor, and a regulator control circuit for maintaining the output voltage above the second AC input voltage value;

an inverter circuit coupled to the power factor control circuit for converting energy stored in the output capacitor into a DC charging current at a charging voltage for charging a vehicle battery, and

further comprising a circuit common connection and wherein the field effect transistor gate drive circuit includes,

a gate drive circuit input terminal, a resistive voltage divider having first and second terminals and first and second junctions, a rectifier having a first terminal connected to the second terminal of the resistive voltage divider and a second terminal connected to the circuit common connection, the first terminal of the resistive voltage divider being connected to the gate drive circuit input terminal and the first junction being connected to the gate,

wherein one of the source and drain terminals is connected to the circuit common connection; and

wherein the gate drive circuit further includes a first capacitor having one terminal connected to the gate drive circuit input terminal and another terminal connected to the second junction, and a second capacitor connected between the first and second junctions.

9. An electric vehicle battery charger, comprising:

an input circuit for receiving AC input power having an input power frequency and a voltage varying between first and second voltage values;

a power factor control circuit coupled to the input circuit for maintaining the power factor of the AC input power above a first power factor value, the power factor control circuit having an output capacitor, a boost regulator circuit for establishing an output voltage across the output capacitor, and a regulator control circuit for maintaining the output voltage above the second AC input voltage value; and

an inverter circuit coupled to the power factor control circuit for converting energy stored int he output capacitor into a DC charging current at a charging voltage for charging a vehicle battery, and

wherein the inverter circuit comprises a resonant inverter having a resonant frequency and operating at a switching frequency establishing the charging voltage, the resonant inverter further comprising a resonance capacitor and an output transformer having a leakage inductance, the value of the resonance capacitor and the leakage inductance establishing the resonant frequency as a value greater than the input power frequency by a factor of at least 500.

10. An electric vehicle battery charger as recited in claim 9, wherein the inverter circuit further comprises a control circuit responsive to a pulse-width modulated control signal generated externally to the battery charger for setting the switching frequency.

11. An electric vehicle battery charger as recited in claim 9, wherein the battery charger supplies a predetermined maximum current and the resonance capacitor value and the leakage inductance value establish a resonant frequency at which the battery charger supplies a predetermined maximum current.