Supercapacitor electrochemical cell

• US 5,585,999 A
• Filed: 09/30/1994
• Issued: 12/17/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 09/30/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Represented By The Secretary of The Air Force Government of The United States of America As
• Original Assignee: United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
• Inventors: De Long, Hugh C., Carlin, Richard T.
• Primary Examiner(s): Picard, Leo P.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Dinkins, Anthony
• Application Number:
  US08/317,160
• Time in Patent Office: 809 Days
• Field of Search: 361/505, 361/502, 361/508, 361/516, 361/532, 361/528, 29/25.03, 29/25.42, 429/103, 429/112, 429/199, 429/218, 204/39, 204/60
• US Class Current: 361/505
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/02 using combined reduction-oxidation reactions, e.g. redox arrangement or solion
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/04 Hybrid capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/26 characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/62 characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 9/22 Devices using combined reduction and oxidation, e.g. redox arrangement or solion
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/13 Energy storage using capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Abstract

The present invention provides a thin-film palladium electrode as a reversible redox-active positive electrode in a supercapacitor configuration. A room-temperature chloroaluminate molten salt composed of an organic chloride, mixed with a molar excess of aluminum chloride, is used as the supercapacitor electrolyte. In this electrolyte, the palladium surface can be reversibly oxidized to an insoluble thin-film of palladium chloride. Reduction of this palladium chloride thin film back to palladium metal, generates a high current density. The capacitance of this supercapacitor electrode is 150-550 times that of a double-layer capacitor electrode. By combining the thin-film palladium supercapacitor positive electrode (cathode) with a suitable negative electrode (anode), e.g. a metallic aluminum anode, a high power supercapacitor cell, capable of delivering a charge at high current density, at near constant voltage of ca.1 V, is provided per the present invention. The cell of the invention can accordingly provide power for devices requiring pulsed electric power, e.g. lasers and for numerous other systems of high current demand, e.g. starters for electric vehicles.

Claims

1. A reversible redox supercapacitor electrochemical cell comprising:

a) a cell housing,

b) an electrolyte of a chloroaluminate molten salt in said housing,

c) a metal (M)-containing cathode mounted in said electrolyte and

d) an anode mounted in said electrolyte and spaced from said cathode, said anode being more negative than said cathode on discharge of said cell, said anode having a redox couple within the electrochemical window of said electrolyte,

such that said cell can deliver a charge at high current density,

said cell being reversible such that on charge thereof, the cathode oxidizes to MCl₂ as in insoluble thin-film and on discharge thereof the cathode reduces back to M to define a M/MCl₂ cathode wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Pd and Ni.

2. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cathode has at least one Pd/PdCl₂ layer mounted to an inert substrate of high surface area.

3. The cell of claim 2 wherein said substrate is porous carbon.

4. The cell of claim 1 wherein said anode is of metallic aluminum.

5. The cell of claim 4 having in a net capacitor reaction, the following reaction products:

##STR2##

6. The cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode has a thin film of palladium deposited on a high-surface area carbon substrate, which cathode has a capacitance of up to 5.5×

10⁴ F g^-1, which cathode is able to store a charge of up to 5.6×

10³ C g^-1.

7. The cell of claim 1 being high power supercapacitor of up to 10 kW g^-1 having a near constant voltage of substantially 1 V.

8. The cell of claim 1 wherein said anode is made of a material selected from the group consisting of metal, polymer, intercalating material and a metal/metal chloride with a more negative redox couple than the above cathode.

9. The cell of claim 1 wherein the anode is of a metal selected from the group consisting of metallic aluminum, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal.

10. The cell of claim 1 wherein said anode is of a polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophine.

11. The cell of claim 1 wherein said anode is an intercalating anode selected from the group consisting of graphite, transition metal oxides and transition metal chalcogenides.

12. The cell of claim 1 having as said molten salt, an organic chloride selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, substituted imidazolium, substituted ammonium, substituted phosphonium and substituted sulfonium, mixed with a molar excess of aluminum chloride to form said electrolyte.

13. The cell of claim 1 having as said molten salt, an organic chloride selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, substituted imidazolium, substituted ammonium, substituted phosphonium and substituted sulfonium, mixed with a molar excess of aluminum chloride to form said electrolyte.

14. The cell of claim 1 having alternate layers of anode and cathode with said electrolyte in-between to define a multi-layered supercapacitor cell capable of delivering a charge at high current density.