Voice activity detector for half-duplex audio communication system

• US 5,598,466 A
• Filed: 08/28/1995
• Issued: 01/28/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 08/28/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Original Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Inventors: Graumann, David L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Zele, Krista M.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Kumar, Devendra
• Application Number:
  US08/520,305
• Time in Patent Office: 519 Days
• Field of Search: 379/388, 379/389, 379/390, 379/406, 379/414, 379/416, 379/351, 395/2.42, 395/2.35, 395/2.36, 395/2.37, 395/2.17, 395/2.23, 381/46, 381/47, 381/56, 381/57, 381/94, 381/110
• US Class Current: 379/388.04
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00016 using wireless means
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00052 positioned at proximal end of the endoscope body
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00108 characterised by self-sufficient functionality for stand-alone use
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/267 for the respiratory tract, e.g. laryngoscopes, bronchoscopes
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 25/78 Detection of presence or absence of voice signals switching of direction of transmission by voice frequency in two-way loud-speaking telephone systems H04M9/10
• CPC Class Codes: H04M 9/08 Two-way loud-speaking telephone systems with means for conditioning the signal, e.g. for suppressing echoes for one or both directions of traffic
• CPC Class Codes: H04M 9/10 with switching of direction of transmission by voice frequency

Abstract

A method of detecting voice in an audio signal comprises the steps of determining an average peak value representing an envelope of the audio signal, determining a running instance of audio signal standard deviation, which corresponds to one of a number of overlapping time intervals, and updating a power density function (PDF) by adding instances of noise to the PDF if the average peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a certain amount and if the current standard deviation value falls below a threshold for a predetermined time interval. A noise floor is located based on the mean value of the PDF, and, if the audio signal sustains a power level exceeding the noise floor, voice activity is determined to be present in the audio signal. The PDF is updated by a low confidence factor if all of the standard deviation values calculated during a certain period of time are below the threshold value and by a high confidence factor if all standard deviation values within a certain longer period of time period are below the threshold value.

Claims

1. A method of locating a noise floor for qualifying a signal, comprising the steps of:

establishing a noise power density function (NPDF), based on;

a relationship between an approximate peak level of the signal and a current level of the signal, and

a plurality of standard deviation values of the signal, each of the standard deviation values corresponding to one of a plurality of time intervals;

repeatedly updating the NPDF to produce a current state of the NPDF; and

using the current state of the NPDF to locate the noise floor.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the time intervals overlaps at least one other time interval.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of repeatedly updating comprises the steps of:

determining whether the approximate peak level of the signal exceeds the current level of the signal by a predetermined amount;

determining whether all of the standard deviation values calculated during a first time period are below a threshold value; and

identifying a noise instance if;

the approximate peak level of the signal exceeds the current level of the signal by a predetermined amount, and

all of the standard deviation values calculated during the first time period are below the threshold value.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the approximate peak level corresponds to an envelope of the signal.

5. A method of detecting speech in an audio signal, comprising the steps of:

determining an average peak of the audio signal;

determining a plurality of standard deviation values of the audio signal, each of the standard deviation values corresponding to one of a plurality of time intervals;

updating a power density function (PDF) to establish a current state of the PDF according to a relationship between the average peak and a current level of the audio signal and based on the standard deviation values;

locating a noise floor based on the current state of the PDF; and

if a predetermined relationship exists between the current level of the audio signal and the noise floor, determining that speech is represented in the audio signal.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein each of the time intervals overlaps at least one other time interval.

7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the PDF represents a plurality of noise instances.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the updating step comprises the steps of:

determining whether the average peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a predetermined amount;

determining whether all of the standard deviation values calculated during a first time period are below a threshold value; and

identifying a noise instance if;

the average peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a predetermined amount, and

all of the standard deviation values calculated during the first time period are below the threshold value.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the updating step further comprises the step of modifying the PDF to reflect an additional noise instance if a noise instance was identified.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the modifying step comprises the steps of:

modifying the PDF according to a low confidence factor if all of the standard deviation values calculated during the first time period are below the threshold value; and

modifying the PDF according to a high confidence factor if all of the standard deviation values calculated during a second time period are below the threshold value, wherein the second time period is greater than the first time period.

11. The method according to claim 5, wherein the average peak corresponds to an envelope of the audio signal.

12. The method according to claim 5, wherein the predetermined relationship is a relationship in which the current level exceeds the noise floor by a predetermined amount.

13. An apparatus for determining whether voice is present in an audio signal, comprising:

a peak calculator determining a peak of the audio signal;

a standard deviation generator determining a plurality of standard deviation values of the audio signal, each of the standard deviation values corresponding to one of a plurality of time intervals;

updating logic coupled to receive the peak and the standard deviation values, the updating logic updating a power density function (PDF) to establish a current state of the PDF according to a relationship between the peak and a current level of the audio signal and based on the standard deviation values;

a noise floor locator coupled to receive the current state of the PDF, the noise floor locator locating a noise floor based on the current state of the PDF; and

decision logic coupled to receive the noise floor and the audio signal, the decision logic determining that voice is represented in the audio signal when a predetermined relationship exists between the current level of the audio signal and the noise floor.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein each of the time intervals overlaps at least one other time interval.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the PDF represents a plurality of noise instances.

16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the updating logic comprises:

first comparator logic determining whether the peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a predetermined amount;

second comparator logic determining whether all of the standard deviation values calculated during a first time period are below a threshold value; and

noise logic coupled to the first comparator logic and the second comparator logic, the noise logic identifying a noise instance if;

the peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a predetermined amount, and

all of the standard deviation values calculated during the first time period are below the threshold value.

17. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the peak corresponds to an envelope of the audio signal.

18. An apparatus for detecting voice in an audio signal, comprising:

means for determining an average peak of the audio signal;

means for determining a plurality of standard deviation values of the audio signal, each of the standard deviation values corresponding to one of a plurality of time intervals;

means for updating a power density function (PDF) to establish a current state of the PDF according to a relationship between the average peak and a current level of the audio signal and based on the standard deviation values;

means for locating a noise floor based on the current state of the PDF; and

means for determining that voice is represented in the audio signal if a predetermined relationship exists between the current level of the audio signal and the noise floor.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein each of the time intervals overlaps at least one other time interval.

20. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the PDF represents a plurality of noise instances.

21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the means for updating comprises:

means for determining whether the average peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a predetermined amount;

means for determining whether all of the standard deviation values calculated during a first time period are below a threshold value; and

means for identifying a noise instance if;

the average peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a predetermined amount, and

all of the standard deviation values calculated during the first time period are below the threshold value.

22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the means for updating further comprises means for modifying the PDF to reflect an additional noise instance if a noise instance was identified.

23. The apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the means for modifying comprises:

means for modifying the PDF according to a low confidence factor if all of the standard deviation values calculated during the first time period are below the threshold value; and

means for modifying the PDF according to a high confidence factor if all of the standard deviation values calculated during a second time period are below the threshold value, wherein the second time period is greater than the first time period.

24. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the average peak corresponds to an envelope of the audio signal.

25. A computer system having capability for duplex audio communication with a remote site, the system comprising:

a processor controlling the computer system;

an input device coupled to the processor and coupled to input audio information to be transmitted to the remote site;

an output device coupled to the processor and coupled to output audio information received from the remote site; and

a voice activity detector coupled to the input device and the output device, the voice activity detector detecting voice represented in an audio signal received by the computer system or to be transmitted by the computer system, the voice activity detector including;

peak logic determining an average peak of the audio signal;

a standard deviation generator determining a plurality of standard deviation values of the audio signal, each of the standard deviation values corresponding to one of a plurality of time intervals;

updating logic coupled to receive the standard deviation values and the average peak updating a power density function (PDF) to establish a current state of the PDF according to a relationship between the average peak and a current level of the audio signal and based on the standard deviation values;

noise logic locating a noise floor based on the current state of the PDF; and

decision logic determining that voice is represented in the audio signal when a predetermined relationship exists between the current level of the audio signal and the noise floor.

26. The computer system according to claim 25, wherein each of the time intervals overlaps at least one other time interval.

27. A processing system having capability for duplex audio communication with a remote site, the system comprising:

processor means for controlling the processing system;

input means for inputting audio information to be transmitted to the remote site;

output means for outputting audio information received from the remote sight; and

voice detection means for detecting voice in an audio signal received by the processing system or to be transmitted by the processing system, the voice detection means including;

means for determining an approximate peak of the audio signal;

means for determining a plurality of standard deviation values of the audio signal, each of the standard deviation values corresponding to one of a plurality of time intervals;

means for updating a power density function (PDF) to establish a current state of the PDF according to a relationship between the approximate peak and a current level of the audio signal and based on the standard deviation values;

means for locating a noise floor based on the current state of the PDF; and

means for determining that voice is represented in the audio signal if a predetermined relationship exists between the current level of the audio signal and the noise floor.

28. The processing system according to claim 27, wherein each of the time intervals overlaps at least one other time interval.

29. The processing system according to claim 27, wherein the PDF represents a plurality of noise instances.

30. The processing system according to claim 27, wherein the means for updating comprises:

means for determining whether the approximate peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a predetermined amount;

means for determining whether all of the standard deviation values calculated during a first time period are below a threshold value; and

means for identifying a noise instance if;

the approximate peak of the audio signal exceeds the current level of the audio signal by a predetermined amount, and

all of the standard deviation values calculated during the first time period are below the threshold value.

31. The processing system according to claim 30, wherein the means for updating further comprises means for modifying the PDF to reflect an additional noise instance if a noise instance was identified.