Multi-head nuclear medicine camera for dual SPECT and PET imaging with monuniform attenuation correction

• US 5,608,221 A
• Filed: 06/09/1995
• Issued: 03/04/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 06/09/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Koninklijke Philips N.V.)
• Original Assignee: Adam Laboratories Inc.
• Inventors: Wellnitz, Donald R., Bertelsen, Hugo, Murphy, Matthew J., Hines, Horace H., Nellemann, Peter
• Primary Examiner(s): Glick, Edward J.
• Application Number:
  US08/488,871
• Time in Patent Office: 634 Days
• Field of Search: 250/363.03, 250/363.04, 250/369
• US Class Current: 250/363.03
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/037 Emission tomography
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1615 using both transmission and emission sources simultaneously SPECT imaging G01T1/1642; PET imaging G01T1/2985; detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects G01V5/20
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1642 using a scintillation crystal and position sensing photodetector arrays, e.g. ANGER cameras
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/2985 In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis); using external radiation sources A61B6/02

Abstract

A dual head nuclear camera system automatically switchable (and optimized) to perform either SPECT imaging or PET imaging that utilizes attenuation correction for nonuniform attenuation in SPECT or PET modes. The dual head detectors contain switchable triggering circuitry so that coincidence detection for PET imaging and non-coincidence detection for SPECT imaging is available. The system uses a variable integration technique with programmable integration interval; variable sized clusters for centroiding, use of dual integrators per PMT channel, the event detection and acquisition circuitry of the camera system is switchable for PET and SPECT imaging. In such a switchable SPECT/Pet dual head camera system, a mechanism and method is shown to perform transmission and emission scanning sessions with two line sources and two detectors wherein two sliding transmission detection windows are employed to differentiate between transmission and emission photons. Transmission and emission data can be collected simultaneously. This system provides that the dual transmission detection windows are each associated with a particular line source and move in synchronization. Further, the two line sources and the two detector windows all move in synchronization in the direction of the long axis of the object being scanned. In this configuration, the system can effectively reduce the amount of cross-talk detected by a detector.

Claims

1. A switchable SPECT/PET nuclear camera system comprising:

a first detector and a second detector for responding to scintillation events;

circuitry for detecting and recording said events, said circuitry switchable to a first mode of imaging for detection and recordation of PET events and said circuitry switchable to a second mode of imaging for detection and recordation of SPECT events, said circuitry coupled to said first detector and to said second detector, said circuitry including a switchable trigger detection unit that is automatically switchable between coincidence detection when said first mode of imaging is selected and non-coincidence detection when said second mode of imaging is selected, wherein said switchable trigger detection unit is coupled to supply a first valid event trigger signal to said first detector causing said first detector to integrate a scintillation event and coupled to supply a second valid event trigger signal to said second detector causing said second detector to integrate a scintillation event;

transmission radiation sources for scanning across fields of view of said first detector and said second detector with transmission radiation, wherein said circuitry detects and records transmission information while said transmission radiation sources are scanning;

a computer system for generating a PET reconstruction based on said PET events which are corrected by said transmission information; and

wherein said computer system is also for generating a SPECT reconstruction based on said SPECT events which are corrected by said transmission information.

2. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 1 wherein said computer system comprises a display screen and a user interface device wherein said computer system displays on said display screen a portion of said PET reconstruction and said SPECT reconstruction as selected by said user interface device.

3. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 1 further comprising a gantry mechanism for configuring said first detector and said second detector at a 90 degree angle during operation of said transmission radiation sources and wherein said gantry mechanism is also for configuring said first detector and said second detector at a 180 degree angle during said detection and recordation of said PET events and during said detection and recordation of said SPECT events.

4. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 1 wherein:

said first detector and said second detector individually comprise event detection units for transmitting indications of scintillation events to said switchable trigger detection unit; and

wherein

said switchable trigger detection unit generates said first and second valid event trigger signals upon detection of two indications of scintillation events occurring within a coincidence window, one in said first detector and one in said second detector, provided said first mode of imaging is selected.

5. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 4 wherein each of said event detection units corresponds to a zonal area of said first or second detector and each of said event detection units generates an indication of scintillation events occurring within a corresponding zonal area of said first or second detector.

6. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 1 wherein:

said first detector comprises PET event detection units for transmitting indications of scintillation events occurring within said first detector to said switchable trigger detection unit;

said second detector comprises PET event detection units for transmitting indications of scintillation events occurring within said second detector to said switchable trigger detection unit; and

wherein

said switchable trigger detection unit comprises a coincidence detector coupled to receive said indications of scintillation events occurring within said first detector and coupled to receive said indications of scintillation events occurring within said second detector, said coincidence detector for generating a coincidence signal upon coincidence of said indications of scintillation events occurring within said first detector and said indications of scintillation events occurring within said second detector.

7. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 6 wherein:

said first detector comprises SPECT event detection units for transmitting indications of scintillation events occurring within said first detector to said switchable trigger detection unit; and

said second detector comprises SPECT event detection units for transmitting indications of scintillation events occurring within said second detector to said switchable trigger detection unit.

8. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 7 wherein said switchable trigger detection unit further comprises:

a first multiplexer receiving a select signal generated by said computer system and receiving an input from said SPECT event detection units of said first detector and receiving an input from said coincidence detector;

a second multiplexer receiving said select signal and receiving an input from said SPECT event detection units of said second detector and receiving an input from said coincidence detector; and

wherein said first multiplexer outputs said first valid event trigger signal to said first detector and wherein said second multiplexer outputs said second valid event trigger signal to said second detector.

9. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 1 wherein said transmission radiation sources further comprise:

a first line source for scanning across a field of view of said first detector;

a second line source for scanning across a field of view of said second detector, wherein said nuclear camera system further comprises;

a first transmission detection window defined within a portion of said field of view of said first detector, said first transmission detection window for receiving transmission radiation originating from said first line source;

a second transmission detection window defined within a portion of said field of view of said second detector, said second transmission detection window for receiving transmission radiation originating from said second line source; and

wherein said first line source, said second line source, said first transmission detection window, and said second transmission detection window have individual long axes and wherein all of said individual long axes are contained within a single spatial region.

10. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 9 further comprising:

a scanning mechanism scanning said first line source and said second line source, in synchronization, across said fields of view of said first detector and said second detector;

means for scanning said first transmission detection window across said field of view of said first detector in synchronization with said first line source; and

means for scanning said second transmission detection window across said field of view of said second detector in synchronization with said second line source.

11. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 9, wherein said spatial region is a plane.

12. A switchable SPECT/PET mode nuclear camera system comprising:

a first detector and a second detector for responding to scintillation events;

circuitry for detecting and storing said events, said circuitry switchable to a first mode of imaging for detection and recordation of PET events detected by said first detector and said second detector and said circuitry switchable to a second mode of imaging for detection and recordation of SPECT events detected by said first detector and said second detector, said circuitry coupled to said first detector and said second detector;

a gantry mechanism for configuring said first detector and second detector at 90 degree configuration during said second mode of operation, said gantry mechanism for configuring said first detector and said second detector at 180 degree configuration during said first mode of operation; and

a computer system coupled to said circuitry and for generating a PET reconstruction based on said PET events; and

wherein said computer system is also for generating a SPECT reconstruction based on said SPECT events.

13. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 12 wherein said circuitry comprises:

a switchable trigger detection unit that is automatically switchable between coincidence detection when said first mode of imaging is selected and non-coincidence detection when said second mode of imaging is selected;

said switchable trigger detection unit coupled to supply a first valid event trigger signal to said first detector causing said first detector to record a scintillation event and coupled to supply a second valid event trigger signal to said second detector causing said second detector to record a scintillation event.

14. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 13 wherein:

said first detector and said second detector individually comprise event detection units for transmitting indications of scintillation events to said switchable trigger detection unit; and

wherein

said switchable trigger detection unit generates said first and second valid event trigger signals upon detection of two indications of scintillation events occurring within a coincidence window, one in said first detector and one in said second detector, provided said first mode of imaging is selected.

15. In a dual SPECT/PET mode of operation nuclear camera system including at least a first detector and a second detector for responding to scintillation events and event detection and recordation circuitry configurable to detect and record SPECT image information or PET image information, a method of generating a nuclear medicine image, said method comprising the steps of:

configuring said first and said second detectors at a 90 degree orientation;

performing a transmission scan of an object about a plurality of rotation angles to collect transmission projection information;

configuring said dual SPECT/PET mode of operation camera system for a PET imaging mode of operation;

configuring said first and second detectors at a 180 degree orientation;

imaging said object with said first detector and said second detector about a plurality of rotation angles to collect PET emission projection information;

correcting for nonuniform attenuation by correcting said PET emission projection information by said transmission projection information; and

responsive to said step of correcting, reconstructing a PET image with corrected PET emission projection information to produce a PET reconstruction.

16. A method as described in claim 15 further comprising the step of selecting a portion of said PET reconstruction to be said nuclear medicine image and displaying said nuclear medicine image on a display screen.

17. A method as described in claim 15 wherein said step of configuring said dual SPECT/PET mode of operation camera system for a PET imaging mode of operation comprises the steps of:

loading a PET integration interval into programmable integration circuits associated with said first detector and said second detector;

loading a PET PMT cluster size into a programmable table used for centroid computation; and

instructing said event detection and recordation circuitry to recognize valid detected events that are detected within a coincidence window.

18. A method as described in claim 15 wherein said step of performing a transmission scan comprises the steps of:

scanning a first line source across a field of view of said first detector;

scanning a second line source across a field of view of said second detector;

scanning a first transmission detection window on a surface of said first detector in synchronization with said first line source, wherein said first transmission detection window receives transmission radiation originating from said first line source;

scanning a second transmission detection window on a surface of said second detector in synchronization with said second line source, wherein said second transmission detection window receives transmission radiation originating from said second line source; and

wherein said first line source, said second line source, said first transmission detection window, and said second transmission detection window have individual long axis and containing all of said individual long axis within a single spatial plane perpendicular to a long axis of said object during said scanning.

19. In a dual SPECT/PET mode of operation nuclear camera system including at least a first detector and a second detector responsive to scintillation events, and event detection and recordation circuitry configurable to detect and record SPECT image information or PET image information, a method of generating a nuclear medicine image comprising the steps of:

configuring said first and second detectors at a 90 degree orientation;

configuring said dual SPECT/PET operation camera system for a SPECT imaging mode of operation;

performing a transmission scan of an object about a plurality of rotation angles to collect transmission projection information;

imaging said object with said first detector and said second detector about a plurality of rotation angles to collect SPECT emission projection information;

correcting for nonuniform attenuation by correcting said SPECT emission projection information by said transmission projection information; and

responsive to said step of correcting, reconstructing a SPECT image with corrected SPECT emission projection information to produce a SPECT reconstruction.

20. A method as described in claim 19 further comprising the step of selecting a portion of said SPECT reconstruction to be said nuclear medicine image and displaying said nuclear medicine image on a display screen.

21. A method as described in claim 19 wherein said step of configuring said dual SPECT/PET operation camera system for a SPECT imaging mode of operation comprises the steps of:

loading a SPECT integration interval into programmable integration circuits associated with said first detector and said second detector;

loading a SPECT PMT cluster size into a programmable table used for centroid computation; and

instructing said event detection and recordation circuitry to recognize valid detected events not in coincidence.

22. A method as described in claim 19 wherein said step of performing a transmission scan comprises the steps of:

scanning a first line source across a field of view of said first detector;

scanning a second line source across a field of view of said second detector;

scanning a first transmission detection window on a surface of said first detector in synchronization with said first line source, wherein said first transmission detection window receives transmission radiation originating from said first line source;

scanning a second transmission detection window on a surface of said second detector in synchronization with said second line source, wherein said second transmission detection window receives transmission radiation originating from said second line source; and

wherein said first line source, said second line source, said first transmission detection window, and said second transmission detection window have individual long axes, and wherein all of said individual long axes are contained within a single spatial region perpendicular to a long axis of said object during said scanning.

23. A method as described in claim 22, wherein said spatial region is a plane.

24. A method as described in claim 19 wherein said steps of performing a transmission scan and imaging said object with said first detector and said second detector about a plurality of rotation angles to collect SPECT emission projection information occur simultaneously.

25. A method as described in claim 19 wherein said step of imaging said object with said first detector and said second detector about a plurality of rotation angles to collect SPECT emission projection information further comprises the steps of:

rotating said first detector and said second detector to an angle of rotation for an ECT scan;

determining a first zoom window within a portion of a surface of said first detector based on said angle of rotation wherein said object is within a field of view of said first zoom window;

determining a second zoom window within a portion of a surface of said second detector based on said angle of rotation wherein said object is within a field of view of said second zoom window; and

collecting emission data detected within said first zoom window and said second zoom window for said angle of rotation.

26. A method a described in claim 25 further comprising the step of collecting only transmission data detected within an area of overlap between said first zoom window and a first transmission detection window and collecting only transmission data detected within an area of overlap between said second zoom window and a second transmission detection window.

27. In a multi-detector dual SPECT/PET operation nuclear camera system including at least a first detector and a second detector responsive to scintillation events, and event detection and recordation circuitry configurable to detect and record SPECT image information or PET image information, a method of generating a nuclear medicine image comprising the steps of:

configuring said first and second detectors at a 90 degree configuration;

performing a transmission scan of an object about a plurality of rotation angles to collect transmission projection information;

configuring said dual SPECT/PET operation camera system for simultaneous acquisition of both PET and SPECT event data;

imaging said object with said first detector and said second detector about a plurality of rotation angles to simultaneously collect both SPECT and PET emission projection information;

correcting both said SPECT and said PET emission projection information for nonuniform attenuation using said transmission projection information to generate corrected SPECT emission projection information and corrected PET emission projection information; and

reconstructing a SPECT image with said corrected SPECT emission projection information to produce a SPECT reconstruction;

reconstructing a PET image with said corrected PET emission projection information to produce a PET reconstruction.

28. A method as described in claim 27 further comprising the step of selecting a portion of said PET reconstruction to be said nuclear medicine image and displaying said nuclear medicine image on a display screen.

29. A method as described in claim 27 further comprising the step of selecting a portion of said SPECT reconstruction to be said nuclear medicine image and displaying said nuclear medicine image on a display screen.

30. A method as described in claim 27 wherein said step of configuring said dual SPECT/PET operation camera system for a simultaneous acquisition of both PET and SPECT event data comprises the steps of:

loading an intermediate integration interval into programmable integration circuits associated with said first detector and said second detector;

loading a SPECT PMT cluster size into a programmable table used for centroid computation.

31. A method as described in claim 27 wherein said step of performing a transmission scan comprises the steps of:

scanning a first line source across a field of view of said first detector;

scanning a second line source across a field of view of said second detector;

scanning a first transmission detection window on a surface of said first detector in synchronization with said first line source, wherein said first transmission detection window receives transmission radiation originating from said first line source;

scanning a second transmission detection window on a surface of said second detector in synchronization with said second line source, wherein said second transmission detection window receives transmission radiation originating from said second line source; and

wherein said first line source, said second line source, said first transmission detection window, and said second transmission detection window have individual long axes and wherein all of said individual long axes are contained within a single spatial region perpendicular to a long axis of said object during said scanning.

32. A method as described in claim 31, wherein said spatial region is a plane.

33. A nuclear camera system comprising:

(a) a user selectable operational mode between PET imaging and SPECT imaging;

(b) a pair of scintillation detectors for reporting a pair of events occurring in coincidence for said PET imaging and for reporting events individually for said SPECT imaging, each of said pair of scintillation detectors including;

an array of photomultipliers, individual photomultipliers for generating output channel signals indicative of energy detected by said individual photomultipliers, wherein said array of photomultipliers is divided into zones;

a first plurality of event detection circuits wherein each of said event detection circuits receive channel signals from a particular zone of said zones of said array of photomultipliers; and

a first trigger circuit coupled to said first plurality of event detection circuits for generating a trigger signal upon receiving an event indication from any event detection circuit of said first plurality of event detection circuits;

(c) a nonuniform attenuation correction mechanism including transmission radiation sources for scanning said first detector and said second detector with transmission radiation, wherein said circuitry reports and stores transmission information while said transmission radiation sources are scanning;

(d) a computer system for generating a PET reconstruction based on said PET events which are corrected by said transmission information, said computer system is also for generating a SPECT reconstruction based on said SPECT events which are corrected by said transmission information.

34. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 33 wherein said transmission radiation sources further comprise:

a first line source for scanning across a field of view of said first detector; and

a second line source for scanning across a field of view of said second detector;

wherein said nuclear camera system further comprises;

a first transmission detection window defined within a portion of said field of view of said first detector, said first transmission detection window for receiving transmission radiation originating from said first line source;

a second transmission detection window defined within a portion of said field of view of said second detector, said second transmission detection window for receiving transmission radiation originating from said second line source; and

wherein said first line source, said second line source, said first transmission detection window, and said second transmission detection window have individual long axes and wherein all of said individual long axes are contained within a single spatial region.

35. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 34 further comprising:

a scanning mechanism for scanning said first line source and said second line source, in synchronization, across said fields of view of said first detector and said second detector;

means for scanning said first transmission detection window across said field of view of said first detector in synchronization with said first line source; and

means for scanning said second transmission detection window across said field of view of said second detector in synchronization with said second line source.

36. A nuclear camera system as described in claim 34, wherein said spatial region is a plane.