Apparatus and method for driving an ultrasonic transducer

• US 5,635,619 A
• Filed: 07/12/1994
• Issued: 06/03/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 07/12/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation Incorporated (Iowa State University)
• Original Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation Incorporated (Iowa State University)
• Inventors: Udpa, Satish S., Vasudevan, Srivatsa
• Primary Examiner(s): Williams, Hezron E.
• Assistant Examiner(s): MOLLER, RICHARD ALAN
• Application Number:
  US08/273,725
• Time in Patent Office: 1,057 Days
• Field of Search: 73/1 DV, 73/DIG. 1, 73/DIG. 4, 73/432.1, 310/316
• US Class Current: 73/1.82
• CPC Class Codes: B06B 1/0215 for generating pulses, e.g. bursts of oscillations, envelopes
• CPC Class Codes: B06B 1/0284 with consecutive, i.e. sequential generation, e.g. with frequency sweep
• CPC Class Codes: B06B 2201/40 with testing, calibrating, safety devices, built-in protection, construction details
• CPC Class Codes: B06B 2201/70 Specific application
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 73/01 Vibration

Abstract

A method and apparatus for electronically driving an ultrasonic acoustic transducer. The transducer is operable in two modes; in a first mode, the lock-in frequency of the transducer is determined; in a second mode, the lock-in frequency determined in the first mode is used to modulate a tone-burst pulse to drive the transducer in an efficient manner. Operating in the first mode, the lock-in frequency is determined by exciting the transducer with a series of tone bursts, where each tone burst comprises an electronic pulse modulated by a tone of one frequency selected from a range of frequencies, and measuring the response of the transducer to each tone burst. In an alternative embodiment, the excitation of the transducer in the first mode is provided by a signal whose frequency is swept over a range. The response of the transducer is sampled at various times during the sweep. The lock-in frequency is chosen by examining the responses and choosing the frequency which gives the best response. Operating in the second mode, the transducer is driven with an electronic tone burst generated by modulating said an electronic pulse with a tone of the determined lock-in frequency.

Claims

1. A method for electromagnetically driving an ultrasonic acoustic transducer, said method comprising the steps of:

operating in a first mode, wherein the step of operating in said first mode comprises the step of determining a lock-in frequency of said transducer, wherein the step of determining said lock-in frequency comprises the steps of;

exciting said transducer with a first electromagnetic tone burst at a first frequency,

measuring a first response of said transducer to said first electromagnetic tone burst,

exciting said transducer with a second electromagnetic tone burst at a second frequency,

measuring a second response of said transducer to said second electromagnetic tone burst, and

selecting said lock-in frequency based on said measured first and second responses; and

operating in a second mode, wherein the step of operating in said second mode comprises the step of driving said transducer with an electromagnetic tone burst at said determined lock-in frequency.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein:

the step of measuring said first response comprises the step of measuring the voltage response across said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said first tone burst;

the step of measuring said second response comprises the step of measuring the voltage response across said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said second tone burst;

the step of selecting a lock-in frequency comprises the step of choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first voltage response is less than said measured second voltage response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second voltage response is less than said measured first voltage response.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein:

the step of measuring said first response comprises the step of measuring the current response into said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said first tone burst;

the step of measuring said second response comprises the step of measuring the current response into said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said second tone burst;

the step of selecting a lock-in frequency comprises the step of choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first current response is greater than said measured second current response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second current response is greater than said measured first current response.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein:

the step of measuring said first response comprises the step of measuring the acoustic output response from said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said first tone burst;

the step of measuring said second response comprises the step of measuring the acoustic output response from said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said second tone burst;

the step of selecting a lock-in frequency comprises the step of choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first acoustic output response is greater than said measured second acoustic output response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second acoustic output response is greater than said measured first acoustic output response.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein:

the step of measuring said first response comprises the step of having said transducer in situ;

the step of measuring said second response comprises the step of having said transducer in situ; and

the step of operating in said second mode comprises the step of having said transducer in situ.

6. The method according to claim 1, further including the steps of:

exciting said transducer with a third electromagnetic tone burst at a second frequency;

measuring a third response of said transducer to said third electromagnetic tone burst; and

wherein the step of selecting the lock-in frequency includes the step or determining a local minimum or local maximum of response versus frequency.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of operating in said second mode further comprises the step of receiving acoustic echos of the tone burst burst at said determined lock-in frequency.

8. An electromagnetic driving system for an ultrasonic transducer, said system comprising:

means for exciting said transducer with a first electromagnetic tone burst at a first frequency;

means for measuring a first response of said transducer to said first tone burst;

means for exciting said transducer with a second electromagnetic tone burst at a second frequency;

means for measuring a second response of said transducer to said second tone burst; and

means for selecting a lock-in frequency based on said measured first and second responses.

9. The system according to claim 8, wherein:

the means for measuring said first response comprises the means for measuring the voltage response across said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said first tone burst;

the means for measuring said second response comprises the means for measuring the voltage response across said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said second tone burst;

the means for selecting a lock-in frequency comprises means for choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first voltage response is less than said measured second voltage response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second voltage response is less than said measured first voltage response.

10. The system according to claim 8, wherein:

the means for measuring said first response comprises the means for measuring the current response into said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said first tone burst;

the means for measuring said second response comprises the means for measuring the current response into said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said second tone burst;

the means for selecting a lock-in frequency comprises means for choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first current response is greater than said measured second current response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second current response is greater than said measured first current response.

11. The system according to claim 8, wherein:

the means for measuring said first response comprises the means for measuring the acoustic output response from said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said first tone burst;

the means for measuring said second response comprises the means for measuring the acoustic output response from said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said second tone burst;

the means for selecting a lock-in frequency comprises means for choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first acoustic output response is greater than said measured second acoustic output response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second acoustic output response is greater than said measured first acoustic output response.

12. The system according to claim 8, further including:

means for driving the transducer with a tone burst at the selected lock-in frequency; and

means for receiving an echo from the a tone burst at the selected lock-in frequency.

13. A method for determining the lock-in frequency of an electromagnetically-driven ultrasonic acoustic transducer, said method comprising the steps of:

coupling a first signal of a first frequency to said transducer, wherein said first signal is a first electromagnetic tone burst at said first frequency;

measuring a first response of said transducer to said first signal;

coupling a second signal of a second frequency to said transducer;

measuring a second response of said transducer to said second signal; and

selecting a lock-in frequency based on said measured first and second responses.

14. The method according to claim 13 wherein:

said second signal is a second electromagnetic tone burst at said second frequency.

15. A method for electromagnetically driving an ultrasonic acoustic transducer, said method comprising the steps of:

operating in a first mode, wherein the step of operating in said first mode comprises the step of determining a lock-in frequency of said transducer, wherein the step of determining said lock-in frequency comprises the steps of;

exciting said transducer with an electromagnetic signal swept across a range of frequencies;

measuring a first response of said transducer to said electromagnetic signal at a first frequency within said range of frequencies;

measuring a second response of said transducer to said electromagnetic signal at a second frequency within said range of frequencies; and

selecting said lock-in frequency based on said measured first and second responses; and

operating in a second mode, wherein the step of operating in said second mode comprises the step of driving said transducer with an electromagnetic tone burst at said determined lock-in frequency.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein:

the step of measuring said first response comprises the step of measuring the voltage response across said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said first frequency;

the step of measuring said second response comprises the step of measuring the voltage response across said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said second frequency;

the step of selecting a lock-in frequency comprises the step of choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first voltage response is less than said measured second voltage response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second voltage response is less than said measured first voltage response.

17. The method according to claim 15, wherein:

the step of measuring said first response comprises the step of measuring the current response into said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said first frequency;

the step of measuring said second response comprises the step of measuring the current response into said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said first frequency;

the step of selecting a lock-in frequency comprises the step of choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first current response is greater than said measured second current response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second current response is greater than said measured first current response.

18. The method according to claim 15, wherein:

the step of measuring said first response comprises the step of measuring the acoustic output response from said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said first frequency;

the step of measuring said second response comprises the step of measuring the acoustic output response from said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said first frequency;

the step of selecting a lock-in frequency comprises the step of choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first acoustic output response is greater than said measured second acoustic output response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second acoustic output response is greater than said measured first acoustic output response.

19. The method according to claim 15, wherein:

the step of measuring said first response of said transducer to said electromagnetic signal at said first frequency comprises the step of having said transducer in situ;

the step of measuring said second response of said transducer to said electromagnetic signal at said second frequency comprises the step of having said transducer in situ; and

the step of operating in said second mode comprises the step of having said transducer in situ.

20. The method according to claim 15, wherein the step of operating in said second mode comprises the step of receiving acoustic echos of the tone burst burst at said determined lock-in frequency.

21. An electromagnetic-driving system for an ultrasonic transducer, said system comprising:

means for exciting said transducer with an electromagnetic signal swept across a range of frequencies;

means for measuring a first response of said transducer to said electromagnetic signal at a first frequency;

means for measuring a second response of said transducer to said electromagnetic signal at a second frequency;

means for selecting a lock-in frequency based on said measured first and second responses;

means for driving said transducer with an electromagnetic tone burst at said selected lock-in frequency; and

means for receiving acoustic responses from said electromagnetic tone burst at said selected lock-in frequency.

22. The system according to claim 21, wherein:

the means for measuring said first response comprises the means for measuring the voltage response across said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said first frequency;

the means for measuring said second response comprises the means for measuring the voltage response across said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said second frequency;

the means for selecting a lock-in frequency comprises means for choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first voltage response is less than said measured second voltage response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second voltage response is less than said measured first voltage response.

23. The system according to claim 21, wherein:

the means for measuring said first response comprises the means for measuring the current response into said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said first frequency;

the means for measuring said second response comprises the means for measuring the current response into said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said second frequency;

the means for selecting a lock-in frequency comprises means for choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first current response is greater than said measured second current response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second current response is greater than said measured first current response.

24. The system according to claim 21, wherein:

the means for measuring said first response comprises the means for measuring the acoustic output response from said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said first frequency;

the means for measuring said second response comprises the means for measuring the acoustic output response from said transducer as a result of exciting said transducer with said electromagnetic signal to said transducer at said second frequency;

the means for selecting a lock-in frequency comprises means for choosing said first frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured first acoustic output response is greater than said measured second acoustic output response, and in the alternative choosing said second frequency as the lock-in frequency if said measured second acoustic output response is greater than said measured first acoustic output response.

25. A method for determining the lock-in frequency of an electromagnetically-driven ultrasonic acoustic transducer, said method comprising the steps of:

exciting said transducer with a tone-burst signal from a tone-burst signal generator at each one of a plurality of frequencies;

characterizing the frequency response of said transducer to said tone burst signal; and

selecting a lock-in frequency based on said characterized frequency response.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the step of exciting said transducer with a tone-burst signal from a tone-burst signal generator at each one of a plurality of frequencies includes a series of individual tone bursts at each one of at least three different frequencies;

and

wherein the step of characterizing the frequency response includes the step or determining a local minimum or local maximum of response versus frequency.

27. The method according to claim 25, further comprising the steps of:

driving the transducer with a tone burst at the selected lock-in frequency; and

receiving an echo from the a tone burst at the selected lock-in frequency.