Steganography methods employing embedded calibration data

• US 5,636,292 A
• Filed: 05/08/1995
• Issued: 06/03/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 05/08/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Original Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Inventors: Rhoads, Geoffrey B.
• Primary Examiner(s): Couso, Jose L.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Do, Anh Hong
• Application Number:
  US08/436,098
• Time in Patent Office: 757 Days
• Field of Search: 382/232, 382/113, 382/254, 235/382, 235/494, 235/487, 358/426, 358/434, 128/696, 128/903
• US Class Current: 382/232
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/341 Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/40145 Biometric identity checks
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/005 Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0052 Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0065 Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0601 whereby calibration information is embedded in the watermark, e.g. a grid, a scale, a list of transformations
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 9/253 visually
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 17/16 for devices exhibiting advertisements, announcements, pictures or the like
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/1008 Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/018 Audio watermarking, i.e. embedding inaudible data in the audio signal
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00086 Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy indicating unauthorised use of record carriers in general G11B23/28; scrambling for television signal recording H04N5/913; network architectures or network protocols for network security H04L63/00; cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00884 involving a watermark, i.e. a barely perceptible transformation of the original data which can nevertheless be recognised by an algorithm
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 19/00 Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 19/467 characterised by the embedded information being invisible, e.g. watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/23892 involving embedding information at multiplex stream level, e.g. embedding a watermark at packet level
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/8358 involving watermark protecting executable software by watermarking G06F21/16; image watermarking in general G06T1/0021; watermarks inserted in still images for transmission purposes H04N1/32144; inserting watermarks during video coding H04N19/467

Abstract

An identification code signal is impressed on a carrier to be identified (such as an electronic data signal or a physical medium) in a manner that permits the identification signal later to be discerned and the carrier thereby identified. The method and apparatus are characterized by robustness despite degradation of the encoded carrier, and by permeation of the identification signal throughout the carrier.

Claims

1. A method of steganographic encoding characterized by:

processing a sampled input signal to produce an output signal having an information signal embedded therein, the sampled input signal corresponding to a two dimensional visual image, each sample of said input signal having a value, the encoding including changing at least certain of said input signal sample values to encode the information signal therein,

encoding a calibration signal in the output signal together with said information signal, said calibration signal including data corresponding to a predetermined geometrical pattern, said calibration signal having known properties facilitating identification thereof by a recipient of the encoded signal, said encoded calibration signal being substantially imperceptible to a human viewer of the encoded visual image, said predetermined geometrical pattern including a plurality of rotationally symmetric component pattern elements,

wherein there exists at least first and second rotational orientations of said image for which at least one of said component pattern elements, as embedded in the output signal, has the same orientation.

2. The method of claim 1 in which said calibration signal provides registration or alignment data useful in decoding the information signal from the encoded output signal.

3. The method of claim 2 in which said registration of alignment data includes data produced by transforming the output signal into another domain.

4. The method of claim 3 in which said registration or alignment data includes characteristics of a magnitude function produced by Fourier transforming the output signal.

5. The method of claim 1 which includes combining the calibration signal with the information signal, and embedding the combination thereof in the input signal to produce the output signal.

7. The method of claim 1 in which the calibration signal is distinct from said information signal.

8. The method of claim 1 which includes modulating the calibration signal with the information signal, wherein the calibration signal serves as a carrier for the information signal, and embedding the result of said modulation into the input signal, yielding the encoded output signal.

9. The method of claim 1 in which the representation of the information signal in the encoded output signal has geometrical properties useful in ascertaining alignment and registration of the encoded output signal for decoding.

10. A computer storage medium having instructions stored therein for programming a computer to perform the method of claim 9.

11. The method of claim 1 which includes combining the information signal with randomizing key data, wherein the information signal embedded in the output signal is scrambled and cannot be decoded without knowledge of said randomizing key data.

12. The method of claim 11 which includes combining the calibration signal with second randomizing key data, wherein the calibration signal embedded in the output signal is scrambled and cannot be identified without knowledge of said second randomizing key data.

13. The method of claim 12 in which the first randomizing key data also serves as the second randomizing key data.

14. The method of claim 11 in which the information signal is encoded repeatedly throughout the encoded output signal, and the randomizing key data causes the information signal to be represented differently at different locations in the encoded output signal.

15. The method of claim 1 in which the calibration signal includes data corresponding to a predetermined geometrical pattern.

16. The method of claim 15 which includes modulating said data corresponding to a predetermined geometrical pattern so as to convey the information signal, wherein said data serves as a carrier for said information signal.

17. The method of claim 1 in which said at least one component pattern element is a ring.

18. The method of claim 1 in which the information signal comprises a plurality of binary bits.

19. A physical medium having steganographically encoded data produced in accordance with claim 1 therein.

20. A computer storage medium having instructions stored therein for programming a computer to perform the method of claim 1.

21. The method of claim 1 in which the representation of the calibration signal in the encoded output signal has geometrical properties which aids in decoding of the encoded output signal.

6. The method of claim 1in which the calibration signal comprises a plurality of data elements, each of said data elements also being included in said information signal, wherein said calibration signal is concatenated with the information signal and embedded therewith in the input signal.

22. A method of steganographic encoding characterized by:

processing a sampled input signal to produce an output signal having an information signal embedded therein, the sampled input signal corresponding to an audio signal or a visual image, each sample of said input signal having a value, the encoding including changing at least certain of said input signal sample values to encode the information signal therein,

encoding a calibration signal in the output signal together with said information signal, said calibration signal having known properties facilitating identification thereof by a recipient of the encoded signal, said encoded calibration signal being substantially imperceptible to a human listener of the encoded audio signal or viewer of the encoded visual image, said calibration signal enabling the information signal to be recovered from a corrupted output signal without reference to the input signal,

wherein the corrupted output signal is the output signal corrupted by a process selected from a group consisting of;

misregistration of the output signal, and scaling of the output signal.

23. The method of claim 22 in which the calibration signal enables the information signal to be recovered from the corrupted output signal without reference to the input signal, wherein the corrupted output signal is the output signal corrupted by both processes from the aforesaid group.

24. The method of claim 23 in which the input signal corresponds to a two-dimensional image, and the calibration signal enables the information signal to be recovered from the corrupted output signal without reference to the input signal, wherein the corrupted output signal is the output signal corrupted by both processes from the aforesaid group, as well as rotation of the output signal from an initial orientation thereof.

25. The method of claim 23 in which the input signal corresponds to a two-dimensional image, and the corrupted output signal is the output signal corrupted by both processes from the aforesaid group, as well as differential scaling of different axes of the image.

26. A method of steganographic decoding characterized by:

processing an encoded input signal to recover an information signal embedded therein, the encoded input signal corresponding to an audio signal or a visual image whose representation by said input signal has been altered in slight respects to encode the information signal therein,

a calibration signal being present within the encoded input signal, said calibration signal within the encoded input signal being substantially imperceptible to a human listener of the encoded audio signal or viewer of the encoded visual image, said calibration signal having one or more known properties facilitating identification thereof during decoding of the encoded input signal,

the method including identifying the calibration signal within said encoded input signal, and using data obtained thereby to aid in steganographically recovering the information signal from the encoded input signal,

wherein the encoded input signal has been corrupted since being encoded, said corruption including a process selected from the group consisting of;

misregistration of the encoded input signal, and scaling of the encoded input signal,

the method further including using said data to compensate for said corruption, wherein the information signal can nonetheless be recovered from the encoded input signal notwithstanding said corruption.

27. The method of claim 26 which includes transforming the encoded input signal into another domain, and analyzing the transformed signal to aid in recovering the information signal.

28. The method of claim 27 which includes transforming by a Fourier transform.

29. The method of claim 26 which includes using said data obtained thereby to establish threshold levels used in decoding the information signal from the encoded input signal.

30. The method of claim 26 in which said calibration signal is distinct from said information signal.

31. The method of claim 26 in which said calibration signal is modulated with the information signal to produce an embedded signal, wherein the calibration serves as a carrier for the information signal, and the method includes demodulating the information signal from the calibration signal.

32. The method of claim 26 in which the calibration signal comprises a plurality of data elements, each of said data elements also being included in said information signal, wherein said calibration signal is concatenated with the information signal and embedded therewith in the encoded input signal.

33. The method of claim 26 which includes recovering the information signal from said corrupted input signal without reference to an original audio signal or visual image to which the encoded input signal corresponds.

34. The method of claim 26 in which the encoded input signal has been corrupted by both processes from the aforesaid group, wherein the information signal can be recovered from the encoded input signal notwithstanding said corruption.

35. The method of claim 34 which includes recovering the information signal from said corrupted input signal without reference to an original audio signal or visual image to which the encoded input signal corresponds.

36. The method of claim 34 in which the encoded input signal corresponds to a visual image, and the encoded input signal has been corrupted by both processes from the aforesaid group, as well as rotation of the image to which the encoded input signal corresponds, wherein the information signal can be recovered from the encoded input signal notwithstanding said corruption.

37. The method of claim 36 which includes recovering the information signal from said corrupted input signal without reference to an original audio signal or visual image to which the encoded input signal corresponds.

38. The method of claim 34 in which the encoded input signal corresponds to a visual image, and the encoded input signal has been corrupted by both processes from the aforesaid group, as well as differential scaling of different axes of the image, wherein the information signal can be recovered from the encoded input signal notwithstanding said corruption.

39. The method of claim 26 which includes deciphering the information signal from the encoded input signal using noise-like key data with which the information signal has been randomized.

40. The method of claim 39 in which the information signal is encoded repeatedly throughout the encoded input in accordance with said randomizing key data, said randomizing key data causing the information signal to be represented differently at different locations in the encoded input signal.

41. The method of claim 26 in which the encoded input signal corresponds to a two-dimensional visual image, and the calibration signal includes data corresponding to a predetermined geometrical pattern.

42. The method of claim 41 in which the information signal comprises modulation of the data corresponding to said predetermined geometrical pattern.

43. The method of claim 41 in which said at least one component pattern element is a ring.

44. A computer storage medium having instructions stored therein for programming a computer to perform the method of claim 26.

45. A method of steganographic decoding characterized by:

processing an encoded input signal to recover an information signal embedded therein, the encoded input signal corresponding to a two dimensional visual image whose representation by said input signal has been altered in slight respects to encode the information signal therein,

a calibration signal being present within the encoded input signal, said calibration signal including data corresponding to a predetermined geometrical pattern, said calibration signal within the encoded input signal being substantially imperceptible to a human listener of the encoded audio signal or viewer of the encoded visual image, said calibration signal having one or more known properties facilitating identification thereof during decoding of the encoded input signal,

the method including identifying the calibration signal within said encoded input signal, and using data obtained thereby to aid in steganographically recovering the information signal from the encoded input signal,

said predetermined geometrical pattern including a plurality of rotationally symmetric component pattern elements, wherein there exists at least first and second rotational orientations of said image for which at least one of said component elements, as embedded in the encoded input signal, has the same orientation.

46. The method of claim 45 in which there exists at least four rotational orientations of said image for which said at least one component pattern element, as embedded in the encoded input signal, has the same orientation.

47. A method of steganographic encoding characterized by:

processing a sampled input signal to produce an encoded output signal having an information signal embedded therein, the sampled input signal and the encoded output signal both corresponding to a visual image, each sample of said input signal having a value, the encoding including changing at least certain of said input signal sample values to encode the information signal therein,

encoding a calibration signal in the output signal together with said information signal, said calibration signal having known properties facilitating identification thereof by a recipient of the encoded signal, said encoded calibration signal being substantially imperceptible to a human viewer of the encoded visual image,

said calibration signal enabling the information signal to be recovered from a corrupted output signal without reference to the input signal, wherein the corrupted output signal is the output signal corrupted by rotation of the image corresponding thereto from an original orientation.

48. A method of steganographic decoding characterized by:

processing an encoded input signal to recover an information signal embedded therein, the encoded input signal corresponding to a visual image whose representation by said signal has been altered in slight respects to encode the information signal therein,

a calibration signal being present within the encoded input signal, said calibration signal within the encoded input signal being substantially imperceptible to a human viewer of the encoded visual image, said calibration signal having one or more known properties facilitating identification thereof during decoding of the encoded input signal,

the method including identifying the calibration signal within said encoded input signal, and using data obtained thereby to aid in steganographically recovering the information signal from the encoded input signal, wherein the encoded input signal has been corrupted since being encoded, said corruption comprising rotation of the image corresponding to said encoded input signal from an original orientation,

the method further including using said data to compensate for said corruption, wherein the information signal can nonetheless be recovered from the encoded input signal notwithstanding said corruption.

49. In a method of steganographic image processing that includes processing a two dimensional input image to steganographically encode an information signal therein, thereby yielding a two dimensional output image, and thereafter decoding the output image to steganographically discern the information signal therein, an improvement comprising:

providing data corresponding to at least one geometrical pattern, said pattern having at least one axis of symmetry;

transforming said data to another domain;

filtering the transformed data;

inverse transforming said filtered data; and

embedding said inverse transformed data in the output image, wherein said filtering in the transformed domain disperses the geometrical pattern through the output image, reducing its visibility.

50. The method of claim 49 in which said processing includes decoding the steganographically encoded information signal without reference to the input image.

51. The method of claim 49 which includes corrupting the output image prior to decoding.

52. The method of claim 49 in which the input and output images comprise a plurality of pixels, and said characteristic magnitude function indicates a scale, in pixels, of the calibration signal.

53. The method of claim 49 in which said decoding includes Fourier transforming the output image.

54. The method of claim 49 in which said transforming comprises Fourier transforming.

55. The method of claim 49 which includes filtering with a phase only filter that is rotationally symmetric within the spatial frequency domain.

56. The method of claim 49 in which said pattern has a plurality of axes of symmetry.

57. A computer storage medium having instructions stored therein for programming a computer to perform the method of claim 49.