Method and apparatus for removing jitter and correcting timestamps in a packet stream

• US 5,640,388 A
• Filed: 12/21/1995
• Issued: 06/17/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 12/21/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Cisco Technology, Inc. (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Scientific-Atlanta Incorporated (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Inventors: Powers, Richard A., Zalkauskas, Paul Rimas, Woodhead, Douglas F., Hammond, Maynard D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Olms, Douglas W.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Nguyen, Chau T.
• Application Number:
  US08/576,637
• Time in Patent Office: 544 Days
• Field of Search: 370/60.1, 370/61, 370/17, 370/94.2, 370/94.1, 370/60, 370/100.1, 370/105.3, 370/103, 370/108, 370/84, 370/112, 370/79, 375/355, 375/371, 375/372, 348/464, 348/497, 348/500, 348/536, 348/537, 348/512, 348/518
• US Class Current: 370/468
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 3/0664 unidirectional timestamps
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 3/0673 using intermediate nodes, e.g. modification of a received timestamp before further transmission to the next packet node, e.g. including internal delay time or residence time into the packet
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 12/6418 Hybrid transport
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2012/5649 Cell delay or jitter
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2012/568 Load balancing, smoothing or shaping
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2012/6489 Buffer Management, Threshold setting, Scheduling, Shaping
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/23608 Remultiplexing multiplex streams, e.g. involving modifying time stamps or remapping the packet identifiers
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/242 Synchronization processes, e.g. processing of PCR [Program Clock References] arrangements for synchronising broadcast or distribution via plural systems in broadcast distribution systems H04H20/18
• CPC Class Codes: H04Q 11/0478 Provisions for broadband connections

Abstract

In a system that transmits packets containing timestamps and information from a transmission site to a reception site at a transmission bit rate the packets may experience jitter, i.e. variable delay, during transmission. In such a case, the packets are temporally shifted relative to the timestamps and to other packets. Where the timestamp values are inserted into selected packets prior to transmission and that timestamp represent the value of the transmission site clock, the method and apparatus of the present invention substantially removes the jitter and adjusts the timestamp values prior to reception of the packets at the reception site. The present invention achieves this goal by receiving the packets at an intermediate site that has a local clock operates at a nominal frequency substantially equal to the nominal frequency of the transmission site clock and uses that clock as a jitter-free clock to correct the packets. The packets are stored in a buffer at the intermediate site and output from the buffer at a controlled rate to maintain a substantially constant average transit time of packets through the buffer. Before the packets are output for reception at the reception site the timestamps of selected packets are modified to reflect the new temporal relationship between packets due to the controlled rate of output from the intermediate site.

Claims

1. In a system for transmitting packets of information from a transmission site to a reception site at a transmission bit rate, wherein timestamp values are inserted into selected packets prior to transmission that represent the value of a transmission site clock, and further wherein the packets experience jitter during transmission, a method of substantially removing jitter and adjusting the timestamp values prior to reception at the reception site, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) receiving the packets at an intermediate site having a local clock that operates at a nominal frequency substantially equal to the nominal frequency of the transmission site clock;

(b) storing the received packets in a buffer at said intermediate site;

(c) outputting the packets from said buffer at an initial nominal rate for reception at the reception site;

(d) measuring an average transit time of packets through said buffer;

(e) adjusting said rate at which packets are output from the buffer to maintain a substantially constant average transit time of packets through the buffer; and

,

(f) modifying the timestamps of said selected packets to reflect changes in temporal relationship between packets due to said adjusted rate of output thereof.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

(i) after the step of receiving the packets at an intermediate site, de-multiplexing the packets into separate groups of packets, each said separate group defining a session;

(ii) performing steps (b) through (f) on the packets of each session independently, the packets being output from said buffer in a re-multiplexed form.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adjusting the rate at which packets are output from the buffer comprises the steps of:

(i) low-pass filtering values representing the average transit times of successive packets through the buffer to produce a measure of the ratio of local clock frequency to transmission site clock frequency that is free from jitter;

(ii) determining a value α

based on said low pass filtering of the average transit time of successive packets through said buffer, which represents the ratio of the frequency of the transmission site clock to the frequency of said local clock; and

,

(ii) periodically adjusting the output rate based on α

.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of determining the value α

further comprises the steps of;

initializing α

to a predetermined value substantially equal to the ratio of the nominal frequency of the transmission site clock to the nominal frequency of the local clock; and

,

periodically adjusting α

based on changes in the low-pass filtered values.

5. The method of claim 3 further comprising the step of adjusting the output rate based on the timestamps contained in said selected packets when said packets were received at the intermediate site.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of modifying the timestamps of said selected packets comprises the steps of:

(i) setting the value of a first modified timestamp to the timestamp value contained in a first packet containing a timestamp;

(ii) recording a first value of said local clock, DCR₁ (t_exit), when the first packet containing a timestamp is output from said buffer;

(iii) recording a second value of said local clock, DCR₂ (t_exit), when the second packet containing a timestamp to be modified is output from said buffer;

(iv) calculating a second modified timestamp;

wherein said second modified timestamp is equal to the first modified timestamp +α

*(DCR₂ (t_exit)-DCR₁ (t_exit));

(v) after calculating said second modified timestamp, replacing the value of the timestamp in said second packet with the value of said second modified timestamp;

(vi) setting the value of said first modified timestamp to the value of said second modified timestamp and said first value of said local clock to said second value of said local clock, DCR₂ (t_exit); and

,

(vii) repeating steps (iii) to (vi) for all subsequent packets containing a timestamp.

7. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of periodically further adjusting the rate at which packets are output from said buffer based on a comparison of the value of the timestamp in said second packet to the value of said second modified timestamp as steps (iii) to (vi) are repeated for subsequent packets.

8. In a system for transmitting packets of information from a transmission site to a reception site at a transmission bit rate, wherein timestamp values are inserted into selected packets prior to transmission that represent the value of a transmission site clock, and further wherein the packet may experience jitter during transmission, an apparatus for substantially removing packet jitter and adjusting packet timestamp values to synchronize the reception site clock to the transmission site clock, said apparatus comprising:

a local clock;

means for receiving the packets;

a buffer for storing the received packets;

means for outputting the packets from said buffer at an initial transmission bit rate for reception at the reception site;

means cooperating with said local clock for measuring average transit times of packets through said buffer;

means cooperating with said means for measuring transit times for adjusting the rate at which packets are output from said buffer to maintain a substantially constant average transit time of packets through the buffer; and

,

means for modifying the timestamps of said selected packets to reflect changes in temporal relationship between packets due to said adjusted rate of output thereof.

9. An apparatus as in claim 8 wherein the means for adjusting the output rate comprises:

filter means cooperating with said buffer for filtering a plurality of average transit times of packets through the buffer; and

,

a processor cooperating with said filter means adding successive values emerging from said digital filter means;

multiplying the added values by a gain factor to produce a signal representing the ratio of local clock frequency to transmission site clock frequency; and

, adjusting the output rate based on said signal so that the average time of packets through said buffer remains substantially constant.

10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the means for outputting the packets comprises:

a rate cell cooperating with said local clock that is loaded with a value representing the rate at which packets should be output from said buffer, said rate cell continuously counting down from said loaded value to zero and providing a signal that a packet should be output from said buffer each time a zero count is reached;

a processor responsive to the signal from said rate cell for outputting a packet from said buffer when the rate cell provides the signal that it has reached zero; and

,

output control logic that communicates with said processor for outputting a packet to the reception site.