Register stacking in a computer system

• US 5,640,582 A
• Filed: 08/17/1994
• Issued: 06/17/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 05/21/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Original Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Inventors: Hays, Kirk I., Smith, Wayne D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Black, Thomas G.
• Assistant Examiner(s): DARBE, VALERIE A
• Application Number:
  US08/291,744
• Time in Patent Office: 1,035 Days
• Field of Search: 395/800, 395/375, 364/DIG. 1, 364/DIG. 2
• US Class Current: 712/38
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/3004 to perform operations on memory
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/30076 to perform miscellaneous control operations, e.g. NOP
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/30116 Shadow registers, e.g. coupled registers, not forming part of the register space
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/30127 Register windows
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/30134 Register stacks; shift registers
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/30138 Extension of register space, e.g. register cache
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/462 with multiple register sets

Abstract

A computer system provides an expanded register set by employing transparent register stacks for each general purpose register. Each general purpose register and its corresponding set of auxiliary registers form a register stack. No register identification bits are required in processor instructions to reference auxiliary registers. A register set select storage area is a programmable register provided for the storage of a value that identifies the currently active register level. The register set select storage area is loaded using two additional processor instructions provided as part of the present invention. A register set switch is used for selecting a data path to the register level specified by the register set select storage area. A PUSHREG instruction is used to push the register stack pointer down one level. A POPREG instruction is used to move the register stack pointer up one register level. In a alternative embodiment of the present invention, the POPREG and PUSHREG instructions include an argument that specifies the single register stack that is manipulated. In another embodiment of the present invention, register stack underflow or overflow conditions are trapped using an interrupt process. Task switching is implemented with the present invention using a plurality of register stacks each associated with a task frame. In another embodiment of the present invention, the semantics of interrupts to the processor are changed to include an automatic PUSHREG and POPREG instruction execution.

Claims

1. A computer comprising:

a central processing unit (CPU) for executing instructions, each instruction having register identifying bits;

a plurality of register stacks, each register stack including;

a general purpose register switchably coupled to said CPU;

at least one auxiliary register switchably coupled to said CPU, each general purpose register and each auxiliary register occupying a corresponding register stack level of said register stack, both said general purpose register and said at least one auxiliary register within the same stack being identified by the same value residing in said register identifying bits;

selection circuitry including at least one programmable storage element, each storage element for storing a register stack level pointer, said pointer for selecting either a general purpose register or an auxiliary register at a corresponding level within at least one stack, wherein said register stack level pointer is controlled solely through execution of at least one register stack operation; and

switching circuitry for switching, for each register stack, between a first data path from said CPU to said general purpose register or a second data path from said CPU to one of said at least one auxiliary registers depending upon the register selection by said selection circuitry.

2. The computer of claim 1, further comprising trap generating circuitry for generating a trap if a register stack operation is executed to select one of said auxiliary registers within a stack when said register stack level pointer indicates that all of said auxiliary registers within said stack have already been allocated.

3. The computer of claim 1, further comprising trap generating circuitry for generating a trap if a register stack operation is executed to select said general purpose register when said register stack level pointer indicates that said general purpose register has already been allocated.

4. The computer of claim 1, the computer further comprising task switching circuitry for switching among tasks, wherein the selection of either said general purpose register or one of said at least one auxiliary registers within a stack depends upon which task is active.

5. The computer of claim 1, wherein at least one register within at least one corresponding register stack is selected by said selection circuitry upon execution of a push register stack operation, wherein said push register stack operation is executed automatically upon the occurrence of an interrupt to the CPU.

6. The computer of claim 5, wherein at least one register within at least one corresponding register stack is selected by said selection circuitry upon execution of a pop register stack operation, wherein said pop register stack operation is executed automatically upon a return from the interrupt to the CPU.

7. The computer of claim 1, wherein the at least one register stack operation specifies the register stack level pointer.

8. The computer of claim 1, wherein the at least one register stack operation is a push operation and a pop operation for respectively incrementing and decrementing the register stack level pointer.

9. The computer of claim 1, wherein the register selection within one stack is independent of the register selection within at least one other stack.

10. A computer comprising:

a central processing unit (CPU) for executing instructions, each instruction having register identifying bits;

a plurality of register stacks, each register stack including;

a general purpose register switchably coupled to said CPU;

at least one auxiliary register switchably coupled to said CPU, each general purpose register and each auxiliary register occupying a corresponding register stack level of said register stack, both said general purpose register and said at least one auxiliary register within the same stack being identified by the same value residing in said register identifying bits;

selection circuitry including at least one programmable storage element, each storage element for storing a register stack level pointer, said pointer for selecting an auxiliary register at a corresponding level within at least one stack, wherein said register stack level pointer is controlled solely through execution of at least one register stack operation; and

swapping circuitry for swapping the contents of a general purpose register and an auxiliary register within a register stack when the auxiliary register is selected by said selection circuitry, and for swapping back the contents of the general purpose register and a previously selected auxiliary register in response to the auxiliary register being selected by said selection circuitry, wherein the auxiliary register, the previously selected auxiliary register, and the general purpose register are within the same register stack.

11. In a computer having a central processing unit (CPU), said CPU for executing an instruction in an instruction stream, said instruction having register identifying bits, the CPU further including a plurality of register stacks, each register stack having a general purpose register switchably coupled to said CPU and at least one auxiliary register switchably coupled to said CPU, each general purpose register and each auxiliary register occupying a corresponding register stack level of said register stack, both said general purpose register and said at least one auxiliary register within the same stack being identified by the same value residing in said register identifying bits, a process for accessing a register, said process comprising the steps of:

executing at least one register stack operation to manipulate at least one register stack level pointer;

selecting either said general purpose register or one of said at least one auxiliary registers at a corresponding level within at least one register stack solely according to said pointer manipulated by said at least one register stack operation;

for each register stack, switching between a first data path from said CPU to said general purpose register or a second data path from said CPU to one of said at least one auxiliary registers depending upon the register selection made in said selecting step; and

accessing a register identified by said register identifying bits.

12. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of generating a trap if a register stack operation is executed to select one of said auxiliary registers within a stack when all of said auxiliary registers within said stack have already been allocated.

13. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of generating a trap if a register stack operation is executed to select said general purpose register within a stack when said general purpose register within said stack has already been allocated.

14. The process of claim 11, the computer further comprising task switching circuitry for switching among tasks, wherein in said selecting step the selection of either said general purpose register or one of said at least one auxiliary registers within a stack depends upon which task is active.

15. The process of claim 11, wherein the selecting step further comprises the step of automatically executing a push register stack operation upon the occurrence of an interrupt to the CPU, wherein the execution of said push register stack operation selects at least one auxiliary register within at least one corresponding register stack.

16. The process of claim 15, wherein the selecting step further comprises the step of automatically executing a pop register stack operation upon a return from the interrupt to the CPU, wherein the execution of said pop register stack operation selects at least one register within at least one corresponding register stack.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one register stack operation specifies the register stack level pointer.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one register stack operation is a push operation and a pop operation for respectively incrementing and decrementing the register stack level pointer.

19. The method of claim 11, wherein the register selection within one stack is independent of the register selection within at least one other stack.

20. In a computer having a central processing unit (CPU), said CPU for executing an instruction in an instruction stream, said instruction having register identifying bits, the CPU further including a plurality of register stacks, each register stack having a general purpose register switchably coupled to said CPU and at least one auxiliary register switchably coupled to said CPU, each general purpose register and each auxiliary register occupying a corresponding register stack level of said register stack, both said general purpose register and said at least one auxiliary register within the same stack being identified by the same value residing in said register identifying bits, a process for accessing a register, said process comprising the steps of:

executing at least one register stack operation to manipulate at least one register stack level pointer;

selecting one of said at least one auxiliary registers at a corresponding level within at least one register stack solely according to said pointer manipulated by said at least one register stack operation;

accessing a register identified by said register identifying bits; and

swapping the contents of a general purpose register and an auxiliary register within a register stack when the auxiliary register is selected in said selecting step, and swapping back the contents of the general purpose register and a previously selected auxiliary register in response to the auxiliary register being selected, wherein the auxiliary register, the previously selected auxiliary register, and the general purpose register are within the same register stack.