Accurate battery state-of-charge monitoring and indicating apparatus and method

• US 5,656,919 A
• Filed: 11/14/1995
• Issued: 08/12/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 11/14/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Xantrex Technology Incorporated (Mission Critical Electronics LLC)
• Original Assignee: Cruising Equipment, Inc.
• Inventors: Kahle, Steven H., Ure, George A., Proctor, Richard L., Young, Richard H. Jr., Merkes, William L.
• Primary Examiner(s): TSO, EDWARD H
• Application Number:
  US08/557,451
• Time in Patent Office: 637 Days
• Field of Search: 320/5, 320/12, 320/13, 320/19, 320/30, 320/31, 320/35, 320/39, 320/48, 324/427, 324/428, 324/431, 324/433, 340/635, 340/636, 429/90, 429/61
• US Class Current: 320/153
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/367 Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/371 with remote indication, e.g. on external chargers
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/374 with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/382 Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/48 Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte constructional details of current conducting connections for detecting conditions inside cells or batteries, e.g. details of voltage sensing terminals, H01M50/569
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 320/21 State of charge of battery

Abstract

The apparatus and method of monitoring and/or indicating an accurate state-of-charge of a battery compensates for varying current loads and changing temperature conditions. The apparatus and method compensate for the Peukert Effect which manifests itself when varying current loads are applied to the battery. Also, the apparatus and method may compensate for temperature changes in the environment of the battery. The extent of the Peukert Effect and temperature variation on the battery is based on intrinsic characteristics of the battery which may be experimentally defined. Specifically, preferred apparatuses include memories for storing various discharging/charging related values and a processor to calculate and determine values related to accurately monitoring the battery'"'"'s state-of-charge. Also, the apparatus may include a battery state-of-charge indicator including a multi-segmented, multi-color LED display. The apparatuses and methods use a battery having a state-of-charge equal to the battery'"'"'s charge capacity (CCAP). The battery'"'"'s state-of-charge is tracked as it discharges/charges. Preferably, if the discharging current (i) is greater than or equal to a predefined discharging current (I), then the Peukert Equation is utilized to determine the actual discharge of the battery. If I<i, then Peukert Equation is not utilized because the Peukert Effect is not exhibited when i is below I.

Claims

1. For an electrical load circuit driven by an operatively connected battery, wherein such battery has an experimentally defined charge capacity (CCAP) substantially based on a predefined discharging current (I) during a depletion test of the battery, a method of monitoring an accurate state-of-charge of a battery comprising;

storing CCAP as state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery in an associated memory;

measuring a discharging current (i) drawn from the battery;

determining if i is less than or approximately equal to I;

if so, then setting an effective discharging current (i_eff) equal to i;

otherwise setting i_eff equal to K·

i^P, wherein K and P are Peukert constants being experimentally defined by changes of CCAP of the battery in depletion tests in relation to changes of i to satisfy Peukert Equation; and

decrementing SOC based on i_eff while discharging the battery.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising repeating said measuring, said determining and said decrementing steps until the battery is substantially depleted.

3. The method of claim 1 further comprising indicating an accurate state-of-charge of the battery based on SOC in said decrementing step.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising estimating time remaining until the battery is substantially depleted based on SOC in said decrementing step and based on i_eff, and indicating the time remaining.

5. A method as in one of claims 1-4 further comprising:

averaging i over a defined current-averaging period of time to produce an average discharging current, and

setting i equal to the average discharging current.

6. A method as in one of claim 1-4, in which a temperature sensor is located adjacent the battery, further comprising:

providing and storing in an associated memory a nominal operating temperature (OPTEMP) of the battery;

measuring ambient temperature adjacent the battery with the sensor; and

compensating for an ambient temperature which deviates from OPTEMP.

7. A method as in one of claims 1-4, in which a battery charger is operatively connected to the battery, further comprising:

providing and storing a predefined charging efficiency of the battery;

storing CCAP in an associated memory;

repeating said measuring, said determining and said decrementing steps;

charging the battery with the battery charger by causing a charging current (z) to flow through the battery;

measuring z with a current meter operatively connected to the battery and setting an effective charging current (z_eff) equal to z;

modifying z_eff based on SOC of the battery and reducing z_eff relative to the charging efficiency of the battery;

incrementing SOC based on z_eff while charging the battery; and

repeating said measuring, said calculating and said incrementing steps until SOC is substantially equal to CCAP.

8. For an electrical load circuit driven by an operatively connected battery, wherein such battery has an experimentally defined charge capacity (CCAP) which is substantially based upon a depletion test, wherein such battery in a fully-charged condition is depleted over a depletion time period (T) while drawing a predefined discharging current (I)from such battery, a method of monitoring an accurate state-of-charge of a battery comprising:

storing CCAP as state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery in an associated memory;

generating a value of an adjusted charge capacity (CCAP_adj) substantially based upon an equation CCAP_adj =T·

I^P, wherein P is a Peukert constant which is experimentally defined by an equation P=(log T₂ -log T₁)÷

(log I, -log I₂), wherein T₁ and I₁ are a period of time and discharging current respectively of a nominally first depletion test of the battery and T₂ and I₂ are a period of time and discharging current respectively of a nominally second depletion test of the battery such that I₁ is greater than I₂ ;

storing value of CCAP_adj as an adjusted state-of-charge (SOC_adj in a memory associated with SOC_adj ;

measuring a discharging current (i) drawn from the battery

determining if i is less than or approximately equal to I;

if so, then setting an adjusted discharging current (i_adj) equal to i·

I.sup.(P-1) ;

otherwise, setting i_adj equal to i^P ; and

decrementing SOC_adj based on i_adj while discharging the battery.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprising repeating said measuring, said determining and said decrementing steps until the battery is substantially depleted.

10. The method of claim 8 further comprising indicating an accurate state-of-charge of the battery substantially based on SOC_adj.

11. The method of claim 8 further comprising estimating time remaining until the battery is substantially depleted based on SOC_adj and on i_adj, and indicating the time remaining.

12. A method as in one of claims 8-11 further comprising:

averaging i over a defined current-averaging period of time to produce an average discharging current, and

setting i equal to the average discharging current.

13. A method as in one of claims 8-11, in which a temperature sensor is located adjacent the battery, further comprising:

providing, and storing in an associated memory, a nominal operating temperature (OPTEMP) of the battery;

measuring ambient temperature adjacent the battery with the sensor; and

compensating CCAP_adj for temperature deviations of the measured ambient temperature from OPTEMP.

14. A method as in one of claims 8-11, in which a battery charger is operatively connected to the battery, further comprising:

providing and storing in an associated memory a predefined charging efficiency of the battery;

storing CCAP_adj in an associated memory;

repeating said measuring, said deternining and said decrementing steps;

charging the battery with the battery charger by causing a charging current (z) to flow through the battery;

measuring z and setting an adjusted charging current (z_adj) equal to z;

modifying z_adj based on SOC_adj of the battery and reducing z_adj relative to the charging efficiency of the battery;

incrementing SOC_adj based on z_adj while charging the battery; and

repeating said measuring, said generating, said defining and said incrementing steps until SOC_adj is substantially equal to CCAP_adj.

15. A method as in one of claims 8-11, in which a battery charger is operatively connected to the battery, further comprising:

providing and storing in an associated memory a predefined charging efficiency factor (CEF) which represents charging efficiency of the battery;

storing CCAP_adj in an associated memory;

decrementing SOC based on i while discharging battery;

repeating said measuring, said determining and said decrementing steps;

charging the battery with the battery charger by causing a charging current (z) to flow through the battery;

measuring z and setting an adjusted charging current (z_adj) equal to z;

producing a charging compensation factor (COMF) wherein COMF is defined by an equation COMF=SOC_adj ÷

SOC;

modifying z_adj so that z_adj =z_adj ·

COMF·

CEF;

incrementing SOC_adj based on z_adj while charging the battery; and

repeating said measuring, said producing, said defining and said incrementing steps until SOC_adj is substantially equal to CCAP_adj.

16. For a battery with a battery charger operatively connected thereto, wherein such battery has an experimentally defined charge capacity (CCAP) which is substantially based upon a depletion test, wherein such battery in a fully-charged condition is depleted over a depletion time period (T) while drawing a predefined discharging current (1) from such battery;

a method of monitoring an accurate state-of-charge of a battery comprising;

providing a less-than-fully-charged battery, wherein the battery has;

a) an adjusted charge capacity (CCAP_adj) which is satisfied by an equation CCAP_adj =T·

I^P, wherein P is a Peukert constant which is experimentally defined by an equation P=(log T₂ -log T₁)÷

(log I₁ -log I₂), wherein T₁ and I₁ are a period of time and discharging current respectively of a nominally first depletion test of the battery and T₂ and I₂ are a period of time and discharging current respectively of a nominally second depletion test of the battery such that I₁ is greater than I₂, which CCAP_adj is stored in an associated memory;

b) a state-of-charge (SOC) which is stored in an associated memory; and

c) an adjusted state-of-charge SOC_adj stored in an associated memory, wherein SOC_adj is equal to SOC which has been adjusted to compensate for the Peukert Effect during discharging of the battery;

charging the less-than-fully-charged battery with the battery charger by causing a charging current (z) to flow through the battery;

measuring z and setting an adjusted charging current (z_adj) equal to z;

producing a charging compensation factor (COMF) wherein COMF is defined by an equation COMF=SOC_adj ÷

SOC;

modifying z_adj so that z_adj =z_adj ·

COMF·

CEF, wherein CEF is a defined charging efficiency factor of the battery;

incrementing SOC_adj based on z_adj while charging the battery.

17. the method of claim 16 further comprising repeating said charging, said measuring, said producing, said modifying and said incrementing steps until SOC_adj is substantially equal to CCAP_adj.

18. The method of claim 16 further comprising indicating the state-of-charge of the battery based on SOC_adj.

19. The method of claim 16 further comprising estimating time remaining until the battery is substantially fully charged based on SOC_adj and on Z_adj, and indicating the time remaining.

20. A method as in one of claims 16-19 further comprising:

averaging z over a defined current-averaging period of time to produce an average charging current, and

setting z equal to the average charging current.

21. A method as in one of claims 16-19, in which a temperature sensor is located adjacent the battery, further comprising:

providing, and storing in an associated memory, a nominal operating temperature (OPTEMP) of the battery;

measuring ambient temperature adjacent the battery with the sensor; and

compensating CCAP_adj for temperature deviations of the measured ambient temperature from the OPTEMP.

22. An accurate battery state-of-charge monitor for an electrical load circuit driven by an operatively connected battery, wherein such battery has an experimentally defined charge capacity (CCAP) which is substantially based upon a depletion test of the battery at a predefined discharging current (I), the monitor comprising:

a state-of-charge memory for storing state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery therein, wherein when the battery is in a fully-charged condition, the value of CCAP is stored in the state-of-charge memory;

a baseline-current memory for storing the value of I therein;

an effective-discharging-current memory for storing an effective discharging current (i_eff);

a current meter operatively connected to the load circuit for measuring a discharging current (i) drawn from the battery; and

a processor operatively connected to each of said memories and to said current meter, wherein the processor determines if i is less than or approximately equal to stored I;

if so, then the value of i is stored as i_eff in the effective-discharging-current memory;

otherwise, the value of K·

i^P is stored as i_eff in the effective-discharging-current memory, wherein K and P are Peukert constants being experimentally defined by changes of charge capacity of the battery in depletion tests in relation to changes of i to satisfy Peukert Equation, and the processor decrements stored SOC based on stored i_eff while battery is being discharged.

23. The monitor of claim 22 further comprising a state-of-charge indicator for indicating the accurate state-of-charge of the battery based on SOC, the state-of-charge indicator being operatively connected to the processor.

24. The monitor of claim 22 further comprising a time-remaining indicator for indicating time remaining until the battery is substantially depleted, wherein the processor calculates the time remaining based on SOC and on stored i_eff, and wherein the processor is operatively connected to the time-remaining indicator.

25. A monitor as in one of claims 22-24 further comprising an average-discharging-current memory for storing an average of i, wherein the processor averages i over a defined current-averaging period of time, sets i equal to the average discharging current and stores the average discharging current in the average-discharging-current memory.

26. A monitor as in one of claims 22-24, in which a temperature sensor is located adjacent the battery and is operatively connected to the processor, the sensor for measuring the ambient temperature adjacent the battery, further comprising a nominal-operating-temperature memory operatively connected to the processor, the nominal-operating-temperature memory for storing therein a predefined nominal operating temperature (OPTEMP) of the battery, wherein if a measured ambient temperature adjacent the battery deviates from stored OPTEMP, the processor modifies stored values to compensate for such temperature deviation.

27. An accurate battery state-of-charge monitor for an electrical load circuit driven by an operatively connected battery, wherein such battery has an experimentally defined charge capacity (CCAP) which is substantially based upon a depletion test, wherein such battery in a fully-charged condition is depleted over a depletion time period (T) while drawing a predefined discharging current (I) from such battery, the monitor comprising:

a state-of-charge memory for storing state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery, wherein when the battery is in a fully-charged condition, the value of CCAP is stored in the state-of-charge memory;

a baseline-current memory for storing the value of I therein;

an adjusted-charge-capacity memory for storing an adjusted charge capacity (CCAP_adj) of the battery, wherein CCAP_adj is defined by an equation CCAP_adj =T·

I^P, wherein P is a Peukert constant which is experimentally defined by an equation P=(log T₂ -log T₁)÷

(log I₁ -log I₂), wherein T₁ and I₁ are a period of time and discharging current respectively of a nominally first depletion test of the battery and T₂ and I₂ are a period of time and discharging current respectively of a nominally second depletion test of the battery such that I₁ is greater than I₂ ;

an adjusted-state-of-charge memory for storing an adjusted state-of-charge (SOC_adj) of the battery, wherein when the battery is in a fully-charged condition, the value of CCAP_adj is stored therein;

an adjusted-discharging-current memory for storing an adjusted discharging current (i_adj);

a current meter operatively connected to the load circuit for measuring a discharging current (i) drawn from the battery; and

a processor operatively connected to each of said memories and to said current meter, wherein the processor determines if i is less than or approximately equal to I;

if so, then the value of i·

I.sup.(P-1) is stored as i_adj in the adjusted-discharging-current memory;

otherwise, the value of i^P is stored as i_adj in the adjusted-discharging-current memory, and the processor decrements stored SOC_adj based on stored i_adj while battery is being discharged.

28. The monitor of claim 27 further comprising a state-of-charge indicator for indicating the accurate state-of-charge of the battery based on SOC_adj, the state-of-charge indicator being operatively connected to the processor.

29. The monitor of claim 27 further comprising a time-remaining indicator for indicating time remaining until the battery is substantially depleted, wherein the processor calculates the time remaining based on SOC_adj and on i_adj and wherein the processor is operatively connected to the time-remaining indicator.

30. A monitor as in one of claims 27-29 further comprising an average-discharging-current memory for storing an average of i, wherein the processor averages i over a defined current-averaging period of time, sets i equal to the average discharging current and stores the average discharging current in the average-discharging-current memory.

31. A monitor as in one of claims 27-29, in which a temperature sensor is located adjacent the battery and is operatively connected to the processor, the sensor for measuring the ambient temperature adjacent the battery, further comprising a nominal-operating-temperature memory operatively connected to the processor, the nominal-operating-temperature memory for storing therein a predefined nominal operating temperature (OPTEMP) of the battery, wherein if a measured ambient temperature adjacent the battery deviates from stored OPTEMP, the processor modifies stored CCAP_adj to compensate for such temperature deviation.