Distributed subsystem sparing

• US 5,657,439 A
• Filed: 11/03/1995
• Issued: 08/12/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 08/23/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation
• Original Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation
• Inventors: Jones, Michael Reese, Menon, Jaishankar Moothedath
• Primary Examiner(s): Beausoliel, Jr., Robert W.
• Assistant Examiner(s): LE, DIEU MINH T
• Application Number:
  US08/552,999
• Time in Patent Office: 648 Days
• Field of Search: 395/182.02, 395/182.03, 395/182.04, 395/182.05, 395/182.06, 371/10.2, 371/10.3, 371/21.1, 371/40.1, 364/268, 364/268.5, 364/269.2, 364/245.3, 364/246.3, 364/245
• US Class Current: 714/6.32
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 11/1076 Parity data used in redundant arrays of independent storages, e.g. in RAID systems
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 11/2094 Redundant storage or storage space G06F11/2056 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2211/1028 Distributed, i.e. distributed RAID systems with parity

Abstract

A method and apparatus for sharing distributed spares of a first array with a second array in a storage subsystem which included a number of storage arrays requires that at least a first array of the subsystem has available distributed spares, and that at least a second array has a same number of "rows" as the first array, for spare sharing. When a device failure occurs on the second array, the data and parity blocks of the failed device are reconstructed and placed in the spares of the first array, and the block addresses are appropriately remapped to the spares. Distributed spare sharing is possible because the first array is configured to include at least one spare region/row, and the second array will never lose a number of blocks greater than the common number of rows in the first array in a single device failure. Distributed spare sharing optimizes a storage subsystem, because all spares within arrays of the subsystem having an equal number of rows must be depleted before device replacement becomes mandatory.

Claims

1. In a storage subsystem comprising a plurality of arrays of storage devices including at least first and second arrays having a same number of rows, said first array configured to include a first plurality n of blocks of data, a parity block and a spare region per row, and said second array configured to include a second plurality m of blocks of data per row stored therein, where m may be unequal to n, a method for restoring lost ones of said blocks of data in an event of a device failure in one of said arrays, comprising the steps of:

first determining if spare regions are available in said one of said arrays in which said device failure occurred;

second determining if a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions is available in said storage subsystem, if said first determining step did not identify spare regions in said one of said arrays;

third determining if distributed spare regions are available in one or more other arrays in said storage subsystem, if said second determining step did not identify a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions;

reconstructing each of said lost blocks, and

placing each of said reconstructed blocks in a spare region determined to be available by one of said determining steps.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said blocks of information stored in said second array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said second array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on a same device.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said reconstructing step further comprises the step of reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of a same parity group.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said reconstructing step further comprises the steps of:

retrieving said one or more remaining blocks of the same parity group; and

exclusive OR-ing said one or more remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein said parity blocks of said second array reside on a single device.

7. The method of claim 2, wherein said parity blocks of said second array are distributed among said devices of said second array.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said second array is configured to include a spare region per row.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of blocks of information stored in said first array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said first array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said reconstructing step further comprises the step of reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of a same parity group.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein said reconstruction of a lost block further comprises the steps of:

retrieving said one or more remaining of said blocks of the same parity group; and

exclusive OR-ing said remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein said parity blocks of said first array reside on a single device.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said storage devices comprise magnetic disk drives.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of said arrays of storage devices is configured as a RAID 5 array.

16. In a storage subsystem comprising a plurality of arrays of storage devices including at least three arrays having a same number of rows, a first of said at least three arrays including a first plurality n of blocks of information stored therein, a second of said at least three arrays including a second plurality m of blocks of information stored therein, a third of said at least three arrays including a third plurality g of blocks of information stored therein, and at least said second and a third of said at least three arrays configured to include a spare region per row, where n, m, and q may have different values a method for recovering lost ones of said blocks of information in an event of a storage device failure in said first array, comprising the steps of:

first determining if a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions is available in said storage subsystem;

second determining if distributed spare regions are available in one or more other arrays in said storage subsystem, if said first determining step did not identify a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions;

if spare regions are available as determined by said determining steps, reconstructing each of said lost blocks, and placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said available spare regions.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein said blocks of information stored in said first array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said first array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

18. The method of claim 16 wherein said reconstructing steps further comprise reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of the same parity group.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein said reconstruction of a lost block further comprises the steps of:

retrieving said one or more remaining blocks of said same parity group; and

exclusive OR-ing said one or more remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

21. The method of claim 17, wherein said parity blocks of said first array reside on a single device.

22. The method of claim 16, wherein said parity blocks of said first array are distributed among said devices of said third array.

23. The method of claim 16, wherein said first array is configured to include a spare region per row.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein said second array includes a plurality of blocks of information stored therein.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising the steps of:

in the event of a storage device failure in said second array resulting in the loss of at least one of said blocks of information,

determining if said spare regions of one of said first and third arrays are available;

if said spare regions are available, reconstructing each of said lost blocks, and placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said available spare regions;

if said spare regions are not available, determining if said spare regions of the other of said first and third arrays are available; and

if said spare regions are available, reconstructing each of said lost blocks, and placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said available spare regions.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein said blocks of information stored in said second array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said second array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein said reconstructing step further comprises the step of reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of a same parity group.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein said reconstruction of a lost block further comprises the steps of:

retrieving the remaining blocks of the same parity group; and

exclusive OR-ing said remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

30. The method of claim 26, wherein said parity blocks of said second array reside on a single device.

31. The method of claim 26, wherein said parity blocks of said second array are distributed among said devices of said second array.

32. The method of claim 16, wherein each array of said subsystem has a same number of rows.

33. The method of claim 16, wherein n>

2 arrays of said subsystem, including said second and third arrays, are configured to include a spare region per row and have a same number of rows as said first array.

34. The method of claim 33 wherein if said spare regions of said second and third arrays are not available, repeating the following steps until either a) said spare regions of one of said n arrays are determined to be available or b) a determination of unavailability has been made for each of said spare regions of said n arrays:

determining if said spare regions of a next of said n arrays are available; and

if said spare regions are available, reconstructing each of said lost blocks, and placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said available spare regions.

35. The method of claim 16, wherein said storage devices comprise magnetic disk drives.

36. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of said arrays of storage devices is configured as a RAID 5 array.

37. A storage subsystem comprising:

a plurality of arrays of storage devices including at least first and second arrays having a same number of rows, said first array configured to include a first plurality n of blocks of data, a parity block and a spare region per row, and said second array including a second plurality m of blocks of data per row stored therein, where m may be unequal to n;

first means responsive to a device failure in one of said arrays, resulting in a loss of at least one of said blocks of information, for determining if one or more of said spare regions of said first array are available for storing one or more blocks of information;

second means for determining if a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions is available in said storage subsystem, if said first means for determining did not identify spare regions in said first array;

third means for determining if distributed spare regions are available in one or more other arrays in said storage subsystem, if said second means for determining did not identify a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions;

means responsive to said first, second and third determining means for reconstructing said lost blocks if spare regions are available; and

means for placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said available spare regions.

38. The storage subsystem of claim 37, wherein said blocks of information stored in said second array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said second array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

39. The storage subsystem of claim 37, wherein said reconstructing means further comprise means for reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

40. The storage subsystem of claim 38, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of a same parity group.

41. The storage subsystem of claim 39, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises:

means for retrieving said one or more remaining blocks of said same parity group; and

means for exclusive OR-ing said one or more remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

42. The storage subsystem of claim 38, wherein said parity blocks of said second array reside on a single device.

43. The storage subsystem of claim 38, wherein said parity blocks of said second array are distributed among said devices of said second array.

44. The storage subsystem of claim 37, wherein said second array is configured to include a spare region per row.

45. The storage subsystem of claim 37, wherein said plurality of blocks of information stored in said first array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said first array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

46. The storage subsystem of claim 45, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises means for reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

47. The storage subsystem of claim 45, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of a same parity group.

48. The storage subsystem of claim 38, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises:

means for retrieving said one or more remaining of said blocks of the same parity group; and

means for exclusive OR-ing said remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

49. The storage subsystem of claim 45, wherein said parity blocks of said first array reside on a single device.

50. The storage subsystem of claim 37, wherein said storage devices comprise magnetic disk drives.

51. The storage subsystem of claim 37, wherein at least one of said arrays of storage devices is configured as a RAID 5 array.

52. A storage subsystem, comprising:

a plurality of arrays of storage devices including at least three arrays having a same number of rows, a first of said at least three arrays including a first plurality n of blocks of information stored therein, a second of said at least three arrays including a second plurality m of blocks of information stored therein, a third of said at least three arrays including a third plurality g of blocks of information stored therein, and at least said second and said third of said at least three arrays configured to include a spare region per row where n, m, and g may have different values;

first means responsive to a storage device failure in one of said arrays resulting in a loss of at least one of said blocks of information, for determining if a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions is available in said at least second and third arrays;

second means for determining if distributed spare regions are available in one or more other arrays in said storage subsystem, if said first determining step did not identify a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions;

means responsive to said first and second determining means for reconstructing each of said lost blocks if said one or more spare regions are available; and

means for placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said available spare regions.

53. The storage subsystem of claim 52, wherein said blocks of information stored in said first array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said first array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

54. The storage subsystem of claim 52, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises means for reconstructing each of said lost blocks from said one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

55. The storage subsystem of claim 53, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of the same parity group.

56. The storage subsystem of claim 53, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises:

means for retrieving said one or more remaining of said blocks of said same parity group; and

means for exclusive OR-ing said remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

57. The storage subsystem of claim 53, wherein said parity blocks of said first array reside on a single device.

58. The storage subsystem of claim 52, wherein said parity blocks of said first array are distributed among said devices of said third array.

59. The storage subsystem of claim 52, wherein said first array is configured to include a spare region per row.

60. The storage subsystem of claim 59, wherein said second array includes a plurality of blocks of information stored therein.

61. The storage subsystem of claim 60, further comprising:

means responsive to a storage device failure in said second array resulting in a loss of at least one of said blocks of information, for determining if said spare regions of one of said first and third arrays are available;

means responsive to said determining means for reconstructing each of said lost blocks if said spare regions are available; and

means for placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said available spare regions.

62. The storage subsystem of claim 61, wherein said blocks of information stored in said second array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said second array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

63. The storage subsystem of claim 61, wherein said reconstructing step further comprises reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

64. The storage subsystem of claim 62, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of a same parity group.

65. The storage subsystem of claim 63, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises:

means for retrieving the remaining blocks of the same parity group; and

means for exclusive OR-ing said remaining blocks to form said reconstructed block.

66. The storage subsystem of claim 62, wherein said parity blocks of said second array reside on a single device.

67. The storage subsystem of claim 62, wherein said parity blocks of said second array are distributed among said devices of said second array.

68. The storage subsystem of claim 52, wherein each array of said subsystem has a same number of rows.

69. The storage subsystem of claim 52, wherein n>

2 arrays of said subsystem, including said second and third arrays, are configured to include a spare region per row and have a same number of rows as said first array.

70. The storage subsystem of claim 69, wherein said determining means further comprises means for determining if said spare regions are available on a next of said n arrays if said spare regions of said second and third arrays are not available.

71. The storage subsystem of claim 70, further comprising:

means responsive to said determining means for reconstructing each of said lost blocks; and

means for placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said spare regions.

72. The storage subsystem of claim 52, wherein said storage devices comprise magnetic disk drives.

73. The storage subsystem of claim 52, wherein at least one of said arrays of storage devices is configured as a RAID 5 array.

74. A computer system, comprising:

a central processing unit (CPU); and

a storage subsystem, said storage subsystem further comprising,

a plurality of arrays of storage devices including first and second arrays having a same number of rows, said first array configured to include a first plurality n of blocks of data, a parity block and a spare region per row, and said second array configured to include a second plurality m of blocks of data per row stored therein, where m may be unequal to n,;

first means responsive to a device failure in one of said arrays resulting in a loss of at least one of said blocks of data, for first determining if spare regions are available in said one of said arrays in which said device failure occurred;

second means for determining if a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions is available in said storage subsystem, if said first determining means did not identify spare regions in said one of said arrays;

third means for determining if distributed spare regions are available in one or more other arrays in said storage subsystem, if said second determining means did not identify a dedicated spare storage device having spare regions;

means responsive to said first, second and third determining

means for reconstructing said lost blocks if said spare regions are available;

means for placing each of said reconstructed blocks in one of said available spare regions;

means for controlling said storage subsystem; and

means for linking said CPU to said subsystem.

75. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said blocks of information stored in said second array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said second array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

76. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said reconstructing means further comprise means for reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

77. The computer system of claim 75, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of a same parity group.

78. The computer system of claim 76, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises:

means for retrieving said one or more remaining said blocks of said same parity group; and

means for exclusive OR-ing said one or more remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

79. The computer system of claim 75, wherein said parity blocks of said second array reside on a single device.

80. The computer system of claim 75, wherein said parity blocks of said second array are distributed among said devices of said second array.

81. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said second array is configured to include a spare region per row.

82. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said plurality of blocks of information stored in said first array are arranged in a plurality of parity groups, each parity group including at least one data block and a parity block distributed in said first array such that no two blocks of said parity group reside on the same device.

83. The computer system of claim 82, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises means for reconstructing each of said lost blocks from one or more remaining blocks of a same parity group.

84. The computer system of claim 82, wherein each parity block of a parity group is generated by exclusive OR-ing said data blocks of a same parity group.

85. The computer system of claim 75, wherein said reconstructing means further comprises:

means for retrieving said one or more remaining of said blocks of the same parity group; and

means for exclusive OR-ing said remaining blocks to form a reconstructed block.

86. The computer system of claim 82, wherein said parity blocks of said first array reside on a single device.

87. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said storage devices comprise magnetic disk drives.

88. The computer system of claim 74, wherein at least one of said arrays of storage devices is configured as a RAID 5 array.

89. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said computer comprises an IBM AS/400 data processing system.

90. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said controlling means comprises a storage control unit that includes a microprocessor.

91. The computer system of claim 90, wherein said storage control unit and said storage subsystem comprise an IBM 9337 storage subsystem.

92. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said linking means comprises a SCSI interface.

93. The computer system of claim 74, wherein said controlling means comprises a storage controller residing in said CPU.

94. The computer system of claim 93, wherein said storage controller comprises a Mylex DAC960P RAID adapter.