Lithium ion electrochemical cell

• US 5,660,948 A
• Filed: 09/26/1995
• Issued: 08/26/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 09/26/1995
• Status: Expired

• Current Assignee: Valence Technology Incorporated (Lithium Werks B.V.)
• Original Assignee: Valence Technology Incorporated (Lithium Werks B.V.)
• Inventors: Barker, Jeremy
• Primary Examiner(s): Skapars, Anthony
• Application Number:
  US08/533,882
• Time in Patent Office: 700 Days
• Field of Search: 429/218, 429/194, 429/224, 429/217, 423/448
• US Class Current: 429/312
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/05 Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte H01M10/39 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0525 Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0566 Liquid materials
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0569 characterised by the solvents
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2300/0025 Organic electrolyte
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2300/0082 Organic polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2300/0085 Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/133 Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/485 of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy H01M4/505, H01M4/525 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/583 Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/587 for inserting or intercalating light metals
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/623 fluorinated polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/661 Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings H01M4/669 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/663 containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/667 in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/414 Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/44 Fibrous material
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

Non-aqueous electrochemical cells with improved performance can be fabricated by employing anodes comprising a composition having graphite particles that have a BET method specific surface area of about 6 to about 12 m² /g and a crystallite height L_c of about 100 nm to about 120 nm, and wherein at least 90% (wt) of the graphite particles are less than 16 μm in size; a cathode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a solvent and salt that is interposed between the anode and cathode. When employed in an electrochemical cell, the anode can attain a specific electrode capacity of at least 300 mAhr/g. The electrochemical cell has a cycle life of greater than 1500 cycles, and has a first cycle capacity loss of only about 10% to about 15%.

Claims

1. An electrochemical cell comprising:

an anode comprising a composition comprising a polymer binder and a lithium intercalation carbon material in the form of graphite particles that have a BET method specific surface area of about 6 to about 12 m² /g, a crystallite height 2.265 g/cm³, wherein at least 90% (wt) of the graphite particles are less than 16 μ

m in size and wherein the polymer binder comprises about 80% (wt) or more of said composition;

a cathode; and

a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a solvent and salt that is interposed between the anode and cathode.

2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the graphite particles have a median size of about 8.1 μ

m.

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the graphite particles are anisotropic, the particles have a surface area of about 8.8 m² /g, and at least 94% (wt) of the graphite are less than 16 μ

m in size.

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 wherein the graphite particles are anisotropic, the particles have a surface area of about 8.8 m² /g, and at least 94% (wt) of the graphite are less than 16 μ

m in size.

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 wherein the graphite particles are anisotropic, the particles have a surface area of about 8.8 m² /g, and at least 94% (wt) of the graphite are less than 16 μ

m in size, and the graphite has a inter layer distance of about 0.3354 nm to about 0.3358 nm.

6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anode has a specific electrode capacity of greater than 350 mAhr/g.

7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode comprises material selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide, lithiated cobalt oxide, lithiated manganese oxide, and mixtures thereof.

8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the composition of the anode comprises about 80% to about 95% (wt) of said graphite and the composition further comprises a polymeric binder.

9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte further comprises a solid polymeric matrix.

19. The electrochemical cell of claim 6 characterized in that the cell has a first cycle loss of about 11% or less.

20. The method of claim 19 characterized in that the cell has a first cycle loss of about 11% or less.

10. A method of fabricating an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of:

(a) providing an anode comprising a composition comprising a polymeric binder and a lithium intercalation carbon material in the form of graphite particles that have a BET method specific surface area of about 6 to about 12 m² /g, a crystallite height L_c of about 100 nm to about 120 nm, or higher, and a density of about 2.25 to about 2.265 g/cm³ wherein at least 90% (wt) of the graphite particles are less than 16 μ

m in size and wherein the polymeric binder comprises about 80% (wt) or more of said composition;

(b) providing a cathode; and

(c) forming a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a solvent-containing and salt that is interposed between said anode and said cathode.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the graphite particles have a median size of about 8.1 μ

m.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein the graphite particles are anisotropic, the particles have a surface area of about 8.8 m² /g, and at least 94% (wt) of the graphite are less than 16 μ

m in size.

13. The method of claim 11 wherein the graphite particles are anisotropic, the particles have a surface area of about 8.8 m² /g, and at least 94% (wt) of the graphite are less than 16 μ

m in size.

14. The method of claim 11 characterized wherein the graphite particles are anisotropic, the particles have a surface area of about 8.8 m² /g, and at least 94% (wt) of the graphite are less than 16 μ

m in size, and the graphite has a inter layer distance of about 0.3354 nm to about 0.3358 nm.

15. The method of claim 10 wherein the anode has a specific electrode capacity of greater than 350 mAhr/g.

16. The method of claim 10 wherein the cathode comprises material selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide, lithiated cobalt oxide, lithiated manganese oxide, and mixtures thereof.

17. The method of claim 10 wherein the composition of the anode comprises about 80% to about 95% (wt) of said graphite and the composition further comprises a polymeric binder.

18. The method of claim 10 wherein the electrolyte further comprises a solid polymeric matrix.