Catheter for laser angiosurgery

• US 5,693,043 A
• Filed: 04/03/1990
• Issued: 12/02/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 03/22/1985
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Kittrell, Carter, Cothren, Robert M. Jr., Feld, Michael S.
• Primary Examiner(s): HINDENBURG, MAX F
• Application Number:
  US07/504,146
• Time in Patent Office: 2,800 Days
• Field of Search: 606/2, 606/3, 606/7, 606/8, 606/13-17
• US Class Current: 606/15
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 1/00096 Optical elements
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 18/245 for removing obstructions in blood vessels or calculi
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0071 by measuring fluorescence emission
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0075 by spectroscopy, i.e. measuring spectra, e.g. Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy A61B5/0071 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0084 for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters A61B5/1459 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/032 using optical means
• CPC Class Codes: B23K 26/067 Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multifocusing
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/04 formed by bundles of fibres G02B6/24 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/14 Mode converters
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/241 Light guide terminations
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3504 Rotating, tilting or pivoting the waveguides, or with the waveguides describing a curved path rotary joint G02B6/3628
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3508 Lateral or transverse displacement of the whole waveguides, e.g. by varying the distance between opposed waveguide ends, or by mutual lateral displacement of opposed waveguide ends
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3512 the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3516 the reflective optical element moving along the beam path, e.g. controllable diffractive effects using multiple micromirrors within the beam
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3526 the optical element being a lens
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3548 1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/3598 Switching means directly located between an optoelectronic element and waveguides, including direct displacement of either the element or the waveguide, e.g. optical pulse generation based on changing the optical properties of the medium G02F1/00; optical pulse generation in optical transmitters H04B10/508; optical pulse generation by controlling laser operation H01S3/00
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/4296 coupling with sources of high radiant energy, e.g. high power lasers, high temperature light sources

Abstract

A laser catheter is disclosed wherein optical fibers carrying laser light are mounted in a catheter for insertion into an artery to provide controlled delivery of a laser beam for percutaneous intravascular laser treatment of atherosclerotic disease. A transparent protective shield is provided at the distal end of the catheter for mechanically diplacing intravascular blood and protecting the fibers from the intravascular contents, as well as protecting the patient in the event of failure of the fiber optics. Multiple optical fibers allow the selection of tissue that is to be removed. A computer controlled system automatically aligns fibers with the laser and controls exposure time. Spectroscopic diagnostics determine what tissue is to be removed.

Claims

1. A method of recanalizing an obstructed lumen by removing successive layers of biological obstructing material so as to form a hole through said material by application of radiant energy comprising:

providing a catheter having waveguide means, the catheter having a distally located emission aperture for emission of said radiant energy in a beam propagating along a beam axis, said emission aperture having cross-sectional dimensions corresponding substantially to cross-sectional dimension of the catheter;

inserting said catheter into said lumen to locate the emission aperture in proximity to the obstruction;

directing said radiant energy through the waveguide means to cause emission of said beam from said emission aperture;

controlling said emitted beam to define an unfocused working region extending distally from said emission aperture and around said axis in which the density of said energy is sufficient to cause said removal and so that portion of the beam which propagates distally beyond the working region will have insufficient energy density to cause said removal;

said working region defining a cross-section substantially large enough to enable the catheter to be passed through a hole formed by the working region, the working region having an axially depth not substantially greater than about cross-sectional dimension of the catheter;

applying the working region of the beam to the obstructing material thereby to form a hole by removal of said material to a depth no greater than about the axial extent of said working region; and

advancing said catheter through said hole.

2. A method as defined in claim 1 further comprising:

providing said beam so that it has a pattern wherein the radiation diverges from said axis as it propagates along said axis beyond said working region.

3. A method as defined in claim 2 further comprising:

providing said beam so that it has substantially uniform energy distribution around said axis.

4. A method as defined in each of claims 1 and 3 wherein said radiant energy comprises laser energy.

5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the properties of said energy are selected with respect to energy absorption properties of said obstructing material to provide that substantially all the energy in said working portion is consumed in causing said removal.

6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the frequency range of said energy is selected with respect to the predominant molecular constitution of said obstructing material so as to form said hole by ablative photo-decomposition of said obstructing material.

7. A method according to claim 1 in which said energy forms said hole by thermal vaporization of said obstructing material.

8. A method according to claim 1 in which the radiation is supplied to said obstructing material via an optical conductor.

9. A method according to claim 8 in which said radiation is supplied via a net-negative optical system.

10. A method according to claim 2 in which said radiant energy is applied to said working region through a net-negative optical system.

11. A method according to claim 1 in which said working region extends up to approximately 1.5 mm along said axis.

12. A method according to claim 1 wherein said step of providing said beam of radiant energy comprises causing said beam to be emitted from an emission aperture in which said working region has a diameter at least as great as that of said emission aperture.

13. A method according to claims 8 further comprising forming a hole through plaque in a vascular obstruction wherein said optical conductor is guided to said obstruction in a catheter having said optical system fixed at the distal end thereof.

14. A method according to claim 1 including the step of pulsing said radiant energy and adjusting the pulse parameters for forming said hole.

15. A method as defined in claim 8 further comprising:

fluoroscopically locating and positioning the optical conductor with respect to the biological material.

16. A method of removing a biological obstruction by radiant energy comprising:

providing a catheter having waveguide means for guiding said radiant energy from a source thereof, said catheter having a distally located emission aperture for emission of said radiant energy in a beam propagating along the beam axis;

forming said beam into a geometrically expanding pattern in which the energy distribution around said beam axis is substantially uniform whereby the energy density of said beam along said beam axis when applied to said obstruction decreases both exponentially and geometrically in a distally extending direction;

the energy density in a working region of the beam within a first isothermal zone being sufficient to effect removal of the material forming the obstruction when said material is located in said region, the portion of the beam extending distally of said working region having insufficient energy density to effect said removal;

said working region defining cross-sectional dimensions large enough to enable the catheter to be passed therethrough, the working region having an axially extending depth not substantially greater than about the cross-sectional dimension of the catheter;

whereby when said beam of energy is applied to the biological material said radiant energy will be effective to remove said material to a depth no greater than about the axial depth of said working region, thereby limiting said removal to a layer approximating the axial depth of said working region, and minimizing perforation of tissue located distal or radial to the isothermal boundary of said working region.

17. A method as defined in claim 16 wherein the properties of said energy are selected with respect to properties of said obstruction to provide that substantially all the energy in said working portion is consumed in causing said removal.

18. A method as defined in claim 17 wherein said step of forming said radiant energy into said beam pattern comprises:

providing net-negative optical sensing means at the distal end of the waveguide means to shape the beam.

19. A catheter for recanalizing an obstructed lumen by selectively removing sequential layers of biological obstructing material by radiant energy comprising:

an elongate catheter body containing a flexible optical conductor;

the proximal end of the catheter having means to enable said radiant energy to enter the flexible optical conductor;

the distal end of the catheter having an emission aperture from which a beam of said radiant energy may be emitted, said emission aperture having a cross-sectional dimension which substantially corresponds to that of the distal end of the catheter;

said catheter and emission aperture being constructed and arranged to shape the radiant energy beam emitted from the emission aperture to define an unfocused beam having a working region in which the density of energy is sufficient to cause said removal, and so that the portion of the beam extending distal to the working region has insufficient energy density to cause said removal; and

the cross-sectional dimensions of the beam in the working region being no smaller than about the diameter of the distal end of the catheter thereby to enable the catheter to be passed through a recanalized hole formed by said working region, the axial depth of the working region being not substantially greater than the cross-sectional dimension of the distal end of the catheter.

20. A catheter as defined in claim 19 wherein said means for shaping the beam further comprises net-negative optical means at the distal end of the catheter.

21. A catheter as defined in claim 19 wherein said optical means encloses and isolates the exit end of the optical conductor to preclude contact of the exit end of the optical conductor with the biological material.

22. A catheter as defined in claim 19 wherein said optical means is constructed and arranged so that the beam emitted from the emission aperture will have substantially uniform energy distribution in a plane transverse to the direction of propagation of said energy.

23. A catheter as defined in claim 19 further comprising:

means for holding said exit end of the optical conductor and said optical means in a prescribed spatial relationship.

24. A catheter as defined in claim 20 in further combination with a laser source of said radiant energy.

25. A catheter as defined in claim 19 including a radiopaque tubular spacer within said catheter body.

26. A catheter as defined in claim 19 in which the aperture comprising an exit lens is substantially equal to the outer diameter of said that catheter body.

27. A catheter as defined in claim 25 in which said exit lens means and said housing are made of glass capable of being fused together.

28. A catheter as defined in claim 27 in which said glass is predominantly borosilicate glass.

29. A catheter as defined in claim 23 in which said holding means includes a part which is radiopaque.

30. A catheter as defined in claim 19 in which said catheter body is radio-transparent and includes a part which is radiopaque.

31. A catheter as defined in claim 30 in which said part is a tubular spacer for an optical component of said system.

32. A catheter as defined in claim 23 including a tubular housing made of a glass that is fusible to said exit lens means, in which the edge of said housing at the periphery of said lens means is rounded to form a smooth boundary with said lens means.

33. A catheter as defined in claim 32 wherein the optical conductor extends through the lumen.

34. A catheter as defined in claim 21 further comprising means for holding the exit end of the optical conductor and lens means in prescribed spatial relation, said holding means comprising:

a rigid tubular holder having a proximal end and distal end, the holder having a bore extending therethrough to receive the distal end of the optical conductor, said optical conductor being secured rigidly within the bore of the holder;

the exit end of the optical conductor being flush with the distal end of the holder;

a tubular housing for receiving at least a portion of the holder and the proximal end of the housing and for receiving the lens means at the more distal regions of the housing;

spacer means within the tubular housing and in engagement with the lens means and the distal end of the holder to space precisely the holder and conductor carried thereby with respect to the lens means; and

means for securing holder to the tubular housing.

35. A catheter as defined in claim 19 wherein the length of the working region along the axis is no greater than approximately 1.5 millimeters.

36. A method of removing a biological obstruction by radiant energy comprising:

providing a catheter having waveguide means for guiding said radiant energy from a source thereof, said catheter having a distally located emission aperture for emission of said radiant energy in a pattern propagating along an axis;

forming said emitted radiant energy into a geometrically expanding pattern in which the energy distribution around said axis is substantially uniform whereby the energy density of said emitted energy along said axis when applied to said obstruction decreases both exponentially and geometrically in a distally extending direction;

the energy density in a working region of the emitted energy within a first isothermal zone being sufficient to effect removal of the material forming the obstruction when said material is located in said region, the portion of the emitted energy extending distally of said working region having insufficient energy density to effect said removal;

said working region defining cross-section dimensions large enough to enable the catheter to be passed therethrough, the working region having an axially extending depth not substantially greater than about the cross-sectional dimension of the catheter;

whereby when said emitted energy is applied to the biological material said radiant energy will be effective to remove said material to a depth no greater than about the axial depth of said working region, thereby limiting said removal to a layer approximating the axial depth of said working region, and minimizing perforation of tissue located distal or radial to the isothermal boundary of said working region.

37. A catheter for recanalizing an obstructed lumen by selectively removing sequential layers of biological obstructing material by radiant energy comprising:

an elongate catheter body containing a flexible optical conductor;

the proximal end of the catheter having means to enable said radiant energy to enter the flexible optical conductor;

the distal end of the catheter having an emission aperture from which said radiant energy may be emitted, said emission aperture having a cross-sectional dimension which substantially corresponds to that of the distal end of the catheter;

said catheter and emission aperture being constructed and arranged to shape the radiant energy emitted from the emission aperture to define an unfocused pattern having a working region in which the density of energy is sufficient to cause said removal, and so that the portion of the emitted energy extending distal to the working region has insufficient energy density to cause said removal, and

the cross-sectional dimensions of the emitted energy in the working region being no smaller than about the diameter of the distal end of the catheter thereby to enable the catheter to be passed through a recanalized hole formed by said working region, the axial depth of the working region being not substantially greater than the cross-sectional dimension of the distal end of the catheter.

38. A method of removing occluding material from within a lumen comprising:

providing a catheter having a cross-sectional area and a light transmitting optical waveguide that is optically coupled at a distal end of the waveguide to an output surface of the catheter, the output surface having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the catheter;

inserting the catheter into a lumen to locate the output surface in proximity to the occluding material; and

directing controlled radiation through the waveguide to cause emission of the radiation from the output surface, the radiation emitted from the waveguide being divergent and sufficient to cause removal of the occluding material to form a hole therein of predetermined depth, the hole having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the catheter such that the catheter can be advanced into the hole.

39. The method of claim 38 wherein the emitted radiation forms a divergent beam that is increasingly divergent relative to a beam axis.

40. The method of claim 38 wherein the radiation comprises laser radiation.

41. The method of claim 38 wherein the radiation forms a cone emerging from the distal surface, the cone having a size corresponding substantially to the size of the hole.

42. The method of claim 38 further comprising a lens used to control the divergence of the emitted radiation.

43. The method of claim 38 wherein the depth of the hole is in the range of 0.3-2 mm.

44. The method of claim 38 wherein the conductor comprises an optical fiber.

45. A method of performing laser angiosurgery within an artery or vein of a patient comprising:

providing a fiber optic probe having a cross-sectional area and a light transmitting optical fiber that is optically coupled at a distal end of the fiber to a light transmitting distal output surface, the output surface having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the probe;

inserting the fiber optic probe into an artery to locate the distal surface in proximity to the occluding material within the artery; and

directing laser radiation through the fiber to cause simultaneous emission of the radiation from substantially the entire distal surface, the radiation emitted from the fiber being divergent and sufficient to cause removal of the occluding material to form a hole therein of predetermined depth, the hole having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the fiber optic probe such that the probe can be advanced into the hole.

46. The method of claim 45 wherein the directing step further comprises directing the laser radiation from the distal end of the fiber through an optical system at the distal end of the probe to define the divergence of the radiation emitted from the distal output surface.

47. The method of claim 45 further comprising an optical shield extending over substantially the entire cross-sectional area of the probe at the distal end such that a distal surface of the shield comprises the distal output surface of the probe.

48. The method of claim 45 further comprising locating the distal output surface of the probe such that the output surface contacts the occluding material.

49. A laser catheter for removing occluding material from within a body lumen comprising:

a catheter having a cross-sectional area and a light transmitting optical waveguide that is optically coupled at a distal end of the waveguide to an output surface of the catheter, the output surface having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the catheter; and

a laser coupled to a proximal end of the waveguide such that laser radiation is transmitted through the waveguide to cause simultaneous emission of the radiation from substantially the entire output surface, the radiation emitted from the waveguide being divergent and sufficient to cause removal of the occluding material from within a body lumen to form a hole in the occluding material of predetermined depth, the hole having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the catheter such that the catheter can be advanced into the hole.

50. The laser catheter of claim 49 further comprising an optical shield extending over the distal cross-sectional area of the catheter.

51. The laser catheter of claim 49 further comprising a holder to secure the waveguide relative to the catheter and the distal output surface.

52. A method of performing laser angiosurgery within an artery or vein of a patient comprising:

providing a fiber optical probe having a cross-sectional area and a light transmitting optical fiber that is optically coupled at a distal end of the fiber to a light transmitting distal output surface, the output surface having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the probe;

inserting the fiber optic probe into an artery to locate the distal surface in contact with the occluding material within the artery;

directing laser radiation through the fiber to cause emission of the radiation from substantially the entire distal surface, the radiation emitted from the fiber being divergent and sufficient to cause removal of the occluding material to form hole therein of predetermined depth, the hole having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the fiber optic probe;

advancing the probe into the hole such that the probe is in contact with additional occluding material;

directing additional laser radiation onto the additional occluding material to cause emission of the radiation from substantially the entire distal output surface, the radiation being divergent and sufficient to cause removal of the additional occluding material to form a deeper hole therein of predetermined depth, the hole having a cross-sectional area corresponding substantially to the cross-sectional area of the fiber optic probe; and

repeating the advancing and directed radiation steps until the occluding material has been penetrated.