Rechargeable lithium battery having improved reversible capacity

• US 5,721,067 A
• Filed: 02/22/1996
• Issued: 02/24/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 02/22/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Electrovaya Incorporated
• Original Assignee: Electrofuel, Inc.
• Inventors: Dasgupta, Sankar, Jacobs, James K.
• Primary Examiner(s): Skapars, Anthony
• Application Number:
  US08/604,220
• Time in Patent Office: 733 Days
• Field of Search: 429/9, 429/60, 429/209, 429/218, 429/220, 429/223, 429/224, 429/194, 29/623.1
• US Class Current: 429/60
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0525 Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/44 Methods for charging or discharging circuits for charging H02J7/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2010/4292 Aspects relating to capacity ratio of electrodes/electrolyte or anode/cathode
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/0447 of complete cells or cells stacks
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/0459 Electrochemical doping, intercalation, occlusion or alloying
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/131 Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/587 for inserting or intercalating light metals
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

An improved rechargeable lithium battery is described comprising a transition metal compound as cathode active material and carbonaceous particles as anode active material, having prior intercalated lithium ions in the carbonaceous particles in the anode of the assembled lithium battery, thereby reducing the weight of the cathode active material required. The rechargeable lithium battery has increased energy density per unit weight and per unit volume.

Claims

1. In an improved rechargeable lithium battery, said rechargeable lithium battery having a positive electrode containing a transition metal compound capable of incorporating lithium ions in its structure as the positive active material, a negative electrode containing carbonaceous particles capable of intercalating lithium ions as the negative active material, a non-aqueous electrolyte conductive of lithium ions, and a total amount of lithium ions distributed between the electrodes and the non-aqueous lithium ion bearing electrolyte, said rechargeable lithium battery having a capacity measured in milliampere-hours per gram weight of battery(mAh/g_t), an anode specific reversible capacity (mAh/g_a) and a cathode specific reversible capacity (mAh/g_c), the improvement comprising that the weight of the negative active material in said negative electrode (w_a) and the weight of the positive active material in said positive electrode (w_c) are adjusted such that the value of the ratio, denoted by n, of said anode specific reversible capacity multiplied by said weight of the negative active material contained in said rechargeable lithium battery, to said cathode specific reversible capacity multiplied by said weight of the positive active material contained in said rechargeable lithium ion battery, is expressed as mAh/g_a ×

w_a ;

mAh/g_c ×

w_c =0.85<

n<

1.15, and that the weight of the negative active material in the negative electrode (w_a) is adjusted by introducing a portion of said total amount of lithium ions in said rechargeable lithium battery in an assembled state prior to packaging and sealing said battery;

thereby providing a rechargeable lithium battery having an energy density of at least 320 watt.hour/liter.

2. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein said rechargeable lithium battery is a planar battery having energy density of at least 130 watt.hour/kg.

3. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein said portion of said total amount of lithium ions in said rechargeable lithium battery is introduced by electrolytic means in said carbonaceous particles capable of intercalating lithium ions subsequent to assembling said positive electrode, said negative electrode and said non-aqueous electrolyte conductive of lithium ions comprised in said rechargeable lithium battery, but prior to packaging and sealing said rechargeable lithium battery.

4. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 3, wherein said portion of said total amount of lithium ions is introduced in said carbonaceous particles by electrolytic means utilizing a third electrode comprising one of the group consisting of elemental lithium, a lithium alloy and a lithium containing compound.

5. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transition metal compound capable of incorporating lithium ions in its structure is a transition metal chalcogenide.

6. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 5, wherein the transition metal chalcogenide capable of incorporating lithium ions in its structure is selected from the group consisting of:

manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, copper oxide, tungsten oxide and intimately mixed oxidic compounds thereof, titanium sulphide and iron sulphide.

7. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte conductive of lithium ions is a solid polymer electrolyte containing lithium ions.

8. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte conductive of lithium ions is a microporous polymer impregnated with an organic liquid containing lithium ions.

9. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbonaceous particles capable of intercalating lithium ions are selected from the group consisting of:

petroleum coke, glassy carbon particles, graphite particles and carbon particles, said carbonaceous particles having cross-sectional diameter of less than 60 μ

m.

10. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, having cobalt oxide as a transition metal compound capable of incorporating lithium ions in its structure, said cobalt oxide having cathode specific reversible capacity in the range of 123±

5 mAh/g.

11. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, having manganese oxide as a transition metal compound capable of incorporating lithium ions in its structure, said manganese oxide having cathode specific reversible capacity in the range of 142±

5 mAh/g.

12. A rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, having nickel oxide as a transition metal compound capable of incorporating lithium ions in its structure, said nickel oxide having cathode specific reversible capacity in the range of 147±

5 mAh/g.