Method and system for digital image signatures

• US 5,721,788 A
• Filed: 07/31/1992
• Issued: 02/24/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 07/31/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Original Assignee: Corbis Corporation
• Inventors: Powell, Robert D., Nitzberg, Mark J.
• Primary Examiner(s): JOHNS, ANDREW W
• Application Number:
  US07/923,841
• Time in Patent Office: 2,034 Days
• Field of Search: 382/4, 382/5, 382/21, 382/8, 382/30, 382/34, 382/100, 382/112, 382/232, 340/825.34, 356/71, 902/1, 902/4, 902/6, 283/17, 283/72, 283/73, 283/113, 283/901, 380/9, 380/23, 380/25, 380/54
• US Class Current: 382/100
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/341 Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0064 Geometric transfor invariant watermarking, e.g. affine transform invariant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0081 whereby both original and watermarked images are required at decoder, e.g. destination-based, non-blind, non-oblivious
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/0047 using checkcodes, e.g. coded numbers derived from serial number and denomination
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/0056 involving markings of altered colours
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/12 Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/2008 using pre-processing, e.g. de-blurring, averaging, normalisation or rotation
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/2033 Matching unique patterns, i.e. patterns that are unique to each individual paper
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/08 by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means without personal verification means G07F7/02
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/12 Card verification
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32203 Spatial or amplitude domain methods H04N1/32309 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32208 involving changing the magnitude of selected pixels, e.g. overlay of information or super-imposition H04N1/32219, H04N1/32224 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32229 with selective or adaptive application of the additional information, e.g. in selected regions of the image H04N1/32213 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32245 Random or pseudorandom selection of pixels
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32251 in multilevel data, e.g. greyscale or continuous tone data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32288 Multiple embedding, e.g. cocktail embedding, or redundant embedding, e.g. repeating the additional information at a plurality of locations in the image
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/3232 Robust embedding or watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3235 : Checking or certification of the authentication information, e.g. by comparison with data stored independently
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 : which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes

Abstract

A method and system for embedding signatures within visual images in both digital representation and print or film. A signature is inseparably embedded within the visible image, the signature persisting through image transforms that include resizing as well as conversion to print or film and back to digital form. Signature points are selected from among the pixels of an original image. The pixel values of the signature points and surrounding pixels are adjusted by an amount detectable by a digital scanner. The adjusted signature points form a digital signature which is stored for future identification of subject images derived from the image. In one embodiment, a signature is embedded within an image by locating relative extrema in the continuous space of pixel values and selecting the signature points from among the extrema. Preferably, the signature is redundantly embedded in the image such that any of the redundant representations can be used to identify the signature. Identification of a subject image includes ensuring that the subject image is normalized with respect to the original image or the signed image. Preferably, the normalized subject image is compared with the stored digital signature.

Claims

1. A method of image signature processing of an original image having pixels with pixel values, the pixel values including a plurality of pixel values intermediate to minimum and maximum pixel values, comprising:

locating a plurality of candidate points from among the pixels of the original image;

selecting a first plurality of signature points from among the candidate points;

forming a signature by adjusting the pixel values of the signature points within the original image, thereby resulting in a signed image that includes the signature and pixel values of the original image that have not been adjusted to form the signature, the signed image including a plurality of pixel values intermediate to the minimum and maximum pixel values; and

digitally storing the signature in a database for future identification.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the candidate points are located by locating relative extrema in the original image and wherein the selecting step includes selecting the signature points from among the extrema.

3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the pixel values of the original image include luminance values and the extrema are relative minima or maxima luminance values of the pixels of the original image.

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising adjusting a plurality of pixel values surrounding the signature points to provide smooth transitions to the adjusted pixel values at the signature points.

5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

selecting a second plurality of signature points from among the candidate points; and

adjusting the pixel values of the second plurality of signature points to form a redundant signature for the signed image.

6. A method of image signature processing of an original image having pixels with pixel values, comprising:

selecting a first plurality of signature points from among the pixels of the original image;

forming a signature by adjusting the pixel values of the signature points within the original image, thereby resulting in a signed image that includes the signature and pixel values of the original image that have not been adjusted to form the signature, the signed image including a plurality of pixel values intermediate to the minimum and maximum pixel values; and

digitally storing the signature in a database for future identification.

7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the pixel values adjusted are luminance values.

8. The method according to claim 6 wherein the pixel values adjusted are color values.

9. The method according to claim 6, further comprising analyzing whether a digital subject image constitutes or is derived from a signed image having pixel values that were adjusted to form a signature according to claim 6.

10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the analyzing step includes subtracting the subject image from the original image to obtain a resulting image and comparing the resulting image with the stored signature.

11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the analyzing step includes comparing the subject image with the signed image.

12. The method according to claim 9 wherein the analyzing step includes selecting a potential signature point in the subject image corresponding to a signature point of the signed image and comparing the pixel value of the selected point to the pixel value of the corresponding signature point of the signed image.

13. The method according to claim 9 wherein the analyzing step includes selecting a potential signature point in the subject image corresponding to a signature point of the signed image, computing an average of pixel values of the potential signature point and a plurality of pixels surrounding the potential signature point, and comparing the average to the pixel value of the corresponding signature point of the signed image.

19. A method of image signature processing of an original image having pixels with pixel values, comprising:

selecting a first plurality of signature points from among the pixels of the original image;

forming a signature by adjusting the pixel values of the signature points within the original image, thereby resulting in a signed image that includes the signature and pixel values of the original image that have not been adjusted to form the signature, the signed image including a plurality of pixel values intermediate to the minimum and maximum pixel values;

storing the signature for future identification; and

analyzing whether a digital subject image constitutes or is derived from a signed image having pixel values that were adjusted to form a signature according to claim 6, wherein the analyzing step includes normalizing the subject image.

20. The method according to claim 19 wherein the normalizing step includes aligning the subject image with the signed image or the original image.

21. The method according to claim 20 wherein the aligning step includes selecting three or more pixels in the subject image and aligning the three or more pixels with corresponding pixels in the original or the signed image.

22. The method according to claim 19 wherein the pixel values of the subject image and the original image include luminance values and the normalizing step includes adjusting the luminance values of a subset of the pixels in the subject image to equal the luminance values of a corresponding subset of pixels in the original image.

14. A method of image signature processing of an original image having pixels with pixel values, comprising:

selecting a first plurality of signature points from among the pixels of the original image;

forming a signature by adjusting the pixel values of the signature points within the original image, thereby resulting in a signed image that includes the signature and pixel values of the original image that have not been adjusted to form the signature, the signed image including a plurality of pixel values intermediate to the minimum and maximum pixel values;

storing the signature for future identification; and

locating relative extrema in the original image, wherein the selecting step includes selecting the signature points from among the extrema.

15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the pixel values of the original image include luminance values and the extrema are relative minima or maxima luminance values of the pixels of the original image.

16. A method of image signature processing of an original image having pixels with pixel values, comprising:

selecting a first plurality of signature points from among the pixels of the original image;

forming a signature by adjusting the pixel values of the signature points within the original image, thereby resulting in a signed image that includes the signature and pixel values of the original image that have not been adjusted to form the signature, the signed image including a plurality of pixel values intermediate to the minimum and maximum pixel values;

storing the signature for future identification;

selecting a second plurality of signature points from among the pixels of the original image; and

adjusting the pixel values of the second plurality of signature points to form a redundant signature for the signed image.

17. A method of image signature processing of an original image having pixels with pixel values, comprising:

selecting a first plurality of signature points from among the pixels of the original image;

forming a signature by adjusting the pixel values of the signature points within the original image, thereby resulting in a signed image that includes the signature and pixel values of the original image that have not been adjusted to form the signature, the signed image including a plurality of pixel values intermediate to the minimum and maximum pixel values; and

storing the signature for future identification, wherein the digital image has a border surrounding the image and the pixels whose values adjusted are selected so as not to be within a predetermined distance from the border.

18. A method of image signature processing of an original image having pixels with pixel values, comprising:

selecting a first plurality of signature points from among the pixels of the original image;

forming a signature by adjusting the pixel values of the signature points within the original image, thereby resulting in a signed image that includes the signature and pixel values of the original image that have not been adjusted to form the signature, the signed image including a plurality of pixel values intermediate to the minimum and maximum pixel values;

storing the signature for future identification; and

adjusting a plurality of pixel values surrounding the signature points to provide smooth transitions to the adjusted pixel values at the signature points.