Methods and apparatus for creating an aspheric optical element and the aspheric optical elements formed thereby

• US 5,724,189 A
• Filed: 12/15/1995
• Issued: 03/03/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 12/15/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation (The Boeing Co.)
• Original Assignee: Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation (The Boeing Co.)
• Inventors: Ferrante, Ronald A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Nelms, David C.
• Assistant Examiner(s): MACK, RICKY LEVERN
• Application Number:
  US08/573,481
• Time in Patent Office: 809 Days
• Field of Search: 359/634, 359/71, 359/630, 359/631, 345/7, 345/8, 345/9, 348/782, 348/783, 348/784
• US Class Current: 359/634
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 1/10 Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements G02B1/08 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2027/0169 Supporting or connecting means other than the external walls
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/01 Head-up displays
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/0101 characterised by optical features G02B27/0172 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/0149 characterised by mechanical features G02B27/0176 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/1066 for enhancing image performance, like resolution, pixel numbers, dual magnifications or dynamic range, by tiling, slicing or overlapping fields of view
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/1073 characterized by manufacturing or alignment methods
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/142 Coating structures, e.g. thin films multilayers
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 3/04 with continuous faces that are rotationally symmetrical but deviate from a true sphere , e.g. so called "aspheric" lenses

Abstract

A method and apparatus for coating optical substrates, such as a combiner substrate, is provided so as to create aspheric optical elements, such as aspheric combiners for heads up displays. Due to its asphericity, the aspheric optical element, such as an aspheric combiner, can compensate or correct for optical aberrations within an optical system, such as a heads up display. However, the coating method and apparatus of the present invention allows aspheric optical elements, including aspheric combiners, to be repeatedly fabricated in a less expensive manner. The coating apparatus includes a fixture for holding an optical substrate, such as a combiner substrate, in a predetermined aligned relation with a mask. The mask defines an opening having a predetermined shape which varies in at least one radial direction and through which a portion of the optical substrate is exposed. By creating a relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate, an aspheric dielectric layer can be deposited on the substrate, such as via ion assisted deposition, which has a thickness which varies in a predetermined manner along at least one radial direction in correspondence to the predetermined shape of the opening defined by the mask. In order to create an aspheric combiner, a reflection coating can then be deposited upon the aspheric dielectric coating to reflect visual images provided by a cathode ray tube of the heads up display to the pilot without undesirable aberrations.

Claims

1. A method of coating a combiner substrate to create an aspheric combiner, the method comprising the steps of:

positioning a mask in an aligned relation with the combiner substrate, wherein the mask defines an opening having a shape through which a portion of the combiner substrate is exposed;

rotating at least one of the mask and the combiner substrate to create a relative rotation between the mask and the combiner substrate; and

depositing an aspheric dielectric layer on the portion of the combiner substrate exposed by the opening defined by the mask while the mask and the combiner substrate continue their relative rotation, wherein said depositing step comprises depositing an aspheric dielectric layer having a thickness which varies in a radial direction in correspondence to the shape of the opening defined by the mask to thereby create an aspheric combiner.

2. A method according to claim 1 further comprising the step of depositing a reflection coating on the aspheric dielectric layer, wherein said step of depositing a reflection coating comprises depositing at least one dielectric layer on the aspheric dielectric layer which at least partially reflects light having a wavelength within a range of wavelengths.

3. A method according to claim 2 wherein said step of depositing a reflection coating further comprises the step of depositing first and second dielectric layers having first and second indices of refraction, respectively, on the aspheric dielectric layer, wherein the first and second indices of refraction are different such that the reflection coating at least partially reflects light having a wavelength within a range of wavelengths.

4. A method according to claim 1 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing a plurality of aspheric dielectric layers on the portion of the combiner substrate exposed by the opening defined by the mask to create a composite aspheric dielectric layer having a thickness which varies in a radial direction in correspondence to the shape of the opening defined by the mask.

5. A method according to claim 1 wherein said step of creating relative rotation between the mask and the combiner substrate comprises the step of rotating the mask.

6. A method according to claim 1 wherein said step of creating relative rotation between the mask and the combiner substrate comprises the step of rotating the combiner substrate.

7. A method according to claim 1 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing an aspheric dielectric layer during a deposition period, and wherein said step of creating relative rotation between the mask and the combiner substrate comprises the step of creating a relative rotation between the mask and the combiner substrate such that the mask and the combiner substrate rotate at least 50 revolutions relative to each other during the deposition period.

8. A method according to claim 1 wherein said positioning step comprises the step of at least partially aligning the mask with the combiner substrate such that at least a portion of the combiner substrate is exposed through the opening defined by the mask.

9. A method according to claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

disposing the mask and the combiner substrate in a vacuum chamber; and

reducing the pressure within the vacuum chamber prior to said depositing step.

10. A method according to claim 1 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing the aspheric dielectric layer via ion assisted deposition.

11. A method according to claim 1 further comprising monitoring the deposition of the aspheric dielectric layer during said depositing step.

12. An apparatus for coating a combiner substrate to create an aspheric combiner, the apparatus comprising:

a mask which defines an opening having a shape which varies in at least one radial direction;

a fixture for holding said mask and the combiner substrate in an aligned relation such that a portion of the combiner substrate is exposed through the opening defined by said mask;

rotation means, operably connected to said fixture, for rotating at least one of said mask and the combiner substrate to create a relative rotation between said mask and the combiner substrate; and

deposition means for depositing an aspheric dielectric layer on the portion of the combiner substrate exposed by the opening defined by said mask while said rotation means creates the relative rotation between said mask and the combiner substrate, wherein the aspheric dielectric layer deposited by said deposition means has a thickness which varies in a radial direction in correspondence to the shape of the opening defined by said mask to thereby create an aspheric combiner.

13. An apparatus according to claim 12 further comprising monitoring means for observing the deposition of the aspheric dielectric layer.

14. An apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said monitoring means comprises a monitor selected from the group consisting of monochromators and crystal monitors.

15. An apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said deposition means comprises:

a target material; and

an ion source for bombarding said target material with a beam of ions to thereby sputter molecules of said target material on the portion of the combiner substrate exposed by the opening defined by said mask.

16. An apparatus according to claim 12 further comprising:

a vacuum chamber in which said mask, said fixture and said deposition means are disposed; and

pump means disposed in fluid communication with said vacuum chamber for reducing the pressure within said vacuum chamber while depositing the aspheric dielectric layer.

17. An apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said rotation means comprises means for rotating the substrate.

18. An aspheric combiner comprising:

a combiner substrate having a first surface with a first shape;

an aspheric dielectric layer disposed on the first surface of said combiner substrate, wherein said aspheric dielectric layer has a thickness which varies in a radial direction to thereby create a second surface with a second shape, different than the first shape; and

a reflection coating disposed on the second surface of said aspheric dielectric layer, wherein said reflection coating is comprised of at least one dielectric layer which at least partially reflects light having a wavelength within a range of wavelengths.

19. An aspheric combiner according to claim 18 wherein said reflection coating comprises first and second dielectric layers having first and second indices of refraction, respectively, and wherein the first and second indices of refraction are different such that the reflection coating at least partially reflects light having a wavelength within a range of wavelengths.

20. An aspheric combiner according to claim 19 wherein said first dielectric layer is comprised of ZrO₂, and wherein said second dielectric layer is comprised of TiO₂.

21. An aspheric combiner according to claim 18 wherein said aspheric dielectric layer comprises a plurality of aspheric dielectric layers on the portion of the combiner substrate exposed by the opening defined by the mask to thereby create a composite aspheric dielectric layer having a thickness which varies in a radial direction.

22. An aspheric combiner according to claim 18 wherein said combiner substrate and said aspheric dielectric layer have first and second indices of refraction, respectively, and wherein the first and second indices of refraction vary by no greater than 10%.

23. An aspheric combiner according to claim 22 wherein said combiner substrate is comprised of BK-7 glass, and wherein said aspheric dielectric layer is comprised of SiO₂.

24. An aspheric combiner according to claim 18 wherein the first surface of said combiner substrate is spherical in shape.

25. A method of coating an optical substrate to create an aspheric optical element, the method comprising the steps of:

positioning a mask in an aligned relation with the optical substrate, wherein the mask defines an opening having a shape through which a portion of the optical substrate is exposed;

rotating at least one of the mask and the optical substrate to create a relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate; and

depositing an aspheric dielectric layer on the portion of the optical substrate exposed by the opening defined by the mask while the mask and the optical substrate continue their relative rotation, wherein said depositing step comprises depositing an aspheric dielectric layer having a thickness which varies in a radial direction in correspondence to the shape of the opening defined by the mask to thereby create an aspheric optical element.

26. A method according to claim 25 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing a plurality of aspheric dielectric layers on the portion of the optical substrate exposed by the opening defined by the mask to thereby create a composite aspheric dielectric layer having a thickness which varies in a radial direction in correspondence to the shape of the opening defined by the mask.

27. A method according to claim 25 wherein said step of creating relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate comprises the step of rotating the mask.

28. A method according to claim 25 wherein said step of creating relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate comprises the step of rotating the optical substrate.

29. A method according to claim 25 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing an aspheric dielectric layer during a deposition period, and wherein said step of creating relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate comprises the step of creating a relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate such that the mask and the optical substrate rotate at least 50 revolutions relative to each other within the deposition period.

30. A method according to claim 25 wherein said positioning step comprises disposing the optical substrate within a carrier such that at least a portion of the optical substrate is exposed through the opening defined by the mask, and wherein said method further comprises the step of removing the optical substrate from the carrier following said depositing step.

31. A method according to claim 25 wherein said positioning step comprises the step of at least partially aligning the mask with the optical substrate such that at least a portion of the optical substrate is exposed through the opening defined by the mask.

32. A method according to claim 25 further comprising the steps of:

disposing the mask and the optical substrate in a vacuum chamber; and

reducing the pressure within the vacuum chamber prior to said depositing step.

33. A method according to claim 25 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing the aspheric dielectric layer via ion assisted deposition.

34. A method according to claim 25 further comprising the step of monitoring the deposition of the aspheric dielectric layer during said depositing step.

35. An apparatus for coating an optical substrate to create an aspheric optical element, the apparatus comprising:

a mask which defines an opening having a shape which varies in at least one radial direction;

a fixture for holding said mask and the optical substrate in an aligned relation such that a portion of the optical substrate is exposed through the opening defined by said mask;

rotation means, operably connected to said fixture, for rotating at least one of said mask and the optical substrate to create a relative rotation between said mask and the optical substrate; and

deposition means for depositing an aspheric dielectric layer on the portion of the optical substrate exposed by the opening defined by said mask while said rotation means creates the relative rotation between said mask and the optical substrate, wherein the aspheric dielectric layer deposited by said deposition means has a thickness which varies in a radial direction in correspondence to the shape of the opening defined by said mask to thereby create an aspheric optical element.

36. An apparatus according to claim 35 further comprising monitoring means for observing the deposition of the aspheric dielectric layer.

37. An apparatus according to claim 35 wherein said deposition means comprises:

a target material; and

an ion source for bombarding said target material with a beam of ions to thereby sputter molecules of said target material on the portion of the combiner substrate exposed by the opening defined by said mask.

38. An apparatus according to claim 35 further comprising:

a vacuum chamber in which said mask, said fixture and said deposition means are disposed; and

pump means, disposed in fluid communication with said vacuum chamber, for reducing the pressure within said vacuum chamber while depositing the aspheric dielectric layer.

39. An aspheric optical element fabricated according to a coating process comprising the steps of:

positioning a mask in an aligned relation with an optical substrate, wherein the mask defines an opening having a shape through which a portion of the optical substrate is exposed;

rotating at least one of the mask and the optical substrate to create a relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate; and

depositing an aspheric dielectric layer on the portion of the optical substrate exposed by the opening defined by the mask while the mask and the optical substrate continue their relative rotation, wherein said depositing step comprises depositing an aspheric dielectric layer having a thickness which varies in a radial direction in correspondence to the shape of the opening defined by the mask to thereby create an aspheric optical element.

40. An aspheric optical element fabricated according to the coating process of claim 39 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing a plurality of aspheric dielectric layers on the portion of the optical substrate exposed by the opening defined by the mask to thereby create a composite aspheric dielectric layer having a thickness which varies in a radial direction in correspondence to the shape of the opening defined by the mask.

41. An aspheric optical element fabricated according to the coating process of claim 39 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing an aspheric dielectric layer during a deposition period, and wherein said step of creating relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate comprises the step of creating a relative rotation between the mask and the optical substrate such that the mask and the optical substrate rotate at least 50 revolutions relative to each other within the deposition period.

42. An aspheric optical element fabricated according to the coating process of claim 39 wherein said positioning step comprises the step of at least partially aligning the mask with the optical substrate such that at least a portion of the optical substrate is exposed through the opening defined by the mask.

43. An aspheric optical element fabricated according to the coating process of claim 39 wherein said depositing step comprises the step of depositing the aspheric dielectric layer via ion assisted deposition.

44. An aspheric optical element fabricated according to the coating process of claim 39 wherein said positioning step comprises disposing the optical substrate within a carrier such that at least a portion of the optical substrate is exposed through the opening defined by the mask, and wherein said coating process further comprises the step of removing the optical substrate from the carrier following said depositing step.