Delay compensated doppler radar altimeter

• US 5,736,957 A
• Filed: 05/28/1996
• Issued: 04/07/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 06/30/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Johns Hopkins University
• Original Assignee: Johns Hopkins University
• Inventors: Raney, Russell Keith
• Primary Examiner(s): Sotomayor, John B.
• Application Number:
  US08/654,444
• Time in Patent Office: 679 Days
• Field of Search: 342/25, 342/99, 342/120, 342/121, 342/122, 342/123, 342/135, 342/191, 342/196
• US Class Current: 342/99
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/08 Systems for measuring distance only indirect measurement G01S13/46
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/5242 with means for platform motion or scan motion compensation, e.g. airborne MTI
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/582 adapted for simultaneous range and velocity measurements
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/584 adapted for simultaneous range and velocity measurements
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/882 for altimeters measuring height using barometric means G01C5/06
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/89 for mapping or imaging
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/2883 using FFT processing

Abstract

A delay compensated Doppler radar altimeter which eliminates the relative delay curvature associated with the energy reflected by a scatterer located in the along-track direction of an aerial platform for which a most accurate estimation of scatterer elevation is desired. By Doppler shifting each return, the range indicated for each scatterer over its illumination history is equal to the minimum range x_h experienced when the relative velocity between the aerial radar and the ground is effectively zero. Compensating each signal so that its entire along-track history can be used for elevation estimation leads to an advantage of more than 10 dB in gain improvement over existing systems, and less degradation from surface topography.

Claims

1. A delay compensated Doppler radar altimeter for determining the elevation of successive ground scatterers scanned from an above-ground moving platform having when in motion an along-track direction relative to the scatterers, said altimeter comprising:

means for providing a downwardly directed illuminating wavefront;

means for receiving reflected signals from the scatterers returned to the altimeter;

means for coherently processing the returned signals;

means for introducing a range curvature correction in said coherently processing means;

means for converting radar range to elevation for the scatterers located within the region under illumination; and

means for combining the ranges measured for each of the scatterers over an illumination history.

2. The altimeter of claim 1, wherein said platform is a satellite.

3. The altimeter of claim 1, wherein said range curvature correction means uses an algorithm which subtracts from an indicated range of all scatterers at all points on its along-track range history an amount equivalent to an extra range caused by off-nadir viewing in the along-track direction.

4. The altimeter of claim 1, wherein the equivalent distance from the moving platform to each of the scatterers is made equal to a minimum range at nadir thereby eliminating the range curvature of a profile of each of the scatterers over an entire illumination history.

5. The altimeter of claim 1, wherein said means for combining several range measurements for each of the scatterers over the illumination history to form a composite range measurement.

6. The altimeter of claim 4, including means for compensating for the curvature of a wavefront illuminating each of the scatterers whereby the entire along-track history from each and every reflection may be used for elevation estimation.

14. An altimeter according to claim 1, wherein said means for combining includes memory means.

7. A method in a delay-Doppler radar altimeter for determining the elevation of successive ground scatterers scanned from an aerial moving platform having when in motion an along-track extension relative to the scatterers, the method comprising the steps of:

a. downwardly directing from said aerial moving platform an illuminating wavefront having non-zero extension in an along-track direction for illuminating a surface;

b. radiating a wavefront which impinges on the scatterers on the illuminated surface, giving rise to reflected signals returned to and received by the delay-Doppler radar altimeter;

c. coherently processing the returned signals from each of the scatterers;

d. introducing a range curvature correction to the processed returned signals to make an equivalent distance from said aerial moving platform to each of the scatterers equal to a zero-Doppler frequency radar range for each of the scatterers thereby eliminating a range curvature of a profile of each of the scatterers over an entire illumination history; and

e. combining the ranges measured for each of the scatterers over the entire illumination history.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said aerial moving platform is a satellite.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein said step d. comprises multiplying, by a known phase function, all data in a delay/Doppler domain.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein step d. comprises shifting a range position of each of the scatterers to be equal to a minimal range of zero-Doppler frequency.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the minimal range is attained when said aerial moving platform is directly overhead each of the scatterers.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein said step e. comprises combining the ranges measured for each of the scatterers at all Doppler frequencies to form a multi-look range estimate for determining a nadir range.

13. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of providing additional Doppler frequency shifting to eliminate a difference between nadir direction and zero-Doppler direction caused by vertical velocity of the radar altimeter.

15. A delay-Doppler radar altimeter comprising:

means for outputting an illuminating wavefront;

a plurality of scatterers, each returning an echo within the illuminated wavefront;

memory means for receiving and storing the echo from each of said scatterers within the illuminating wavefront;

fast Fourier transform means for obtaining a Doppler frequency on echoes stored in said memory means;

correction means for applying a phase delay;

multiplier means for multiplying said Doppler frequency with said phase delay; and

inverse fast Fourier transform means for shifting the range of each of said scatterers at all Doppler frequencies to be equal to that at zero Doppler frequency and outputting data in parallel.

16. A method for providing compensation in a delay-Doppler radar altimeter, said method comprising the steps of:

a) illuminating a plurality of ground scatterers;

b) receiving echoes from each of the plurality of ground scatterers;

c) collecting and storing the echoes in memory means;

d) applying a fast Fourier transform to the echoes stored in the memory means to obtain a two dimensional array of data in a delay-Doppler domain;

e) compensating for curvature;

f) applying an inverse fast Fourier transform for recovering range measurements; and

g) applying an inverse fast Fourier transform for coinciding along-track measurement positions with original scatterer locations.

17. A method for providing compensation in a delay-Doppler radar altimeter, said method comprising the steps of:

a) illuminating an area with a wavefront from an aerial device;

b) eliminating relative delay curvature associated with energy reflected by scatterers within the area illuminated by the wavefront;

c) Doppler shifting each reflection from the scatterers to equalize the range for each of the scatters over an illumination history to a minimum range experienced when relative velocity between the aerial device and ground is zero; and

d) combining the equalized reflections so that an entire along-track history is used for elevation estimation.