Attitude determination utilizing an inertial measurement unit and a plurality of satellite transmitters

• US 5,757,316 A
• Filed: 02/01/1997
• Issued: 05/26/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 02/01/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation (Northrop Grumman Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Litton Systems Incorporated
• Inventors: Buchler, Robert J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Issing, Gregory C.
• Application Number:
  US08/790,214
• Time in Patent Office: 479 Days
• Field of Search: 342/357, 364/449.7, 364/449.8, 364/449.95, 364/454
• US Class Current: 342/357.31
• CPC Class Codes: G01C 21/165 combined with non-inertial navigation instruments
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/55 Carrier phase ambiguity resolution; Floating ambiguity; LAMBDA [Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment] method

Abstract

The invention is a method for obtaining observables for input to a Kalman filter process which determines the attitude (roll, pitch, and heading) of a platform. The invention utilizes an inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the platform and an associated processor, a plurality of signal receiving antennas attached to the platform, and a plurality of satellite transmitters. The heading of the platform as determined by the IMU and its associated processor by themselves can be significantly in error. A comparison of the values of an attitude-sensitive function of the ranges from the platform antennas to different groupings of satellite transmitters obtained first by using IMU data and second by using the measured phases of the satellite-transmitter signals received at the platform antennas, a very accurate value for the range function is obtained. This accurate value of the range function is used in a Kalman filter process to obtain very accurate values for platform attitude.

Claims

1. A method for obtaining observables for input to a Kalman filter process which determines the roll, pitch, and heading of a platform, the method utilizing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the platform and an associated processor, a plurality of signal receiving antennas attached to the platform, and a plurality of satellite transmitters, the platform having a reference point to which the IMU is referenced, the antennas having known locations relative to the platform reference point, the method being repeatedly executed at time intervals called method intervals, the Kalman filter process supplying roll, pitch, and heading corrections to the IMU and its associated processor at time intervals called Kalman filter intervals, a Kalman filter interval being a multiple of the method interval, the method comprising the following steps:

determining the value of a phase function for each of a plurality of satellite transmitter groups, a satellite transmitter group consisting of one or more satellite transmitters, a phase function being a function of the phases of the signals received from the satellite transmitters in a satellite transmitter group at the plurality of antennas;

obtaining pitch, roll, and heading of the platform from the IMU and its associated processor, the heading being called the IMU heading;

determining the value of a computed range function for each satellite transmitter group and for each of a plurality of candidate headings, a range function being a function of the ranges of the satellite transmitters in a satellite transmitter group to the plurality of antennas, the ranges for the computed range function being determined from ranges calculated from the locations of the satellite transmitters, the location of the platform reference point, the locations of the antennas relative to the platform reference point, the pitch and roll of the platform, and a candidate heading, the plurality of candidate headings spanning the range of headings from the IMU heading minus a first value to the IMU heading plus a second value;

determining the value of an integer function for each satellite transmitter group and for each candidate heading, the integer function being the difference in the computed range function and the phase function rounded to the nearest integer;

determining the value of a measured range function for each satellite-transmitter group and for each candidate heading, a measured range function being the sum of the phase function and the integer function;

eliminating candidate headings from further consideration under certain conditions, the conditions being that a first set of one or more quality requirements is specified and the candidate headings fail to satisfy the first set of quality requirements;

determining a refined candidate heading for each of one or more evaluation intervals for each of the remaining candidate headings utilizing the values of the measured range function for the satellite transmitter groups obtained during each of the one or more evaluation intervals, an evaluation interval including the present method interval and zero or more prior method intervals, a refined candidate heading being the heading for which a quality measure is highest.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the phase function is a double-differenced phase and the range function is a double-differenced range, a double-differenced phase being the difference in the single-differenced phases for two satellite transmitters, a single-differenced phase for a satellite transmitter being the difference in phase of the signals received from the satellite transmitter at two antennas, a double-differenced range being the difference in the single-differenced ranges for the satellite transmitters, a single-differenced range for a satellite transmitter being the difference in ranges of the satellite transmitter to two antennas.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the first set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure for the candidate heading is greater than a threshold value.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the quality measure is the reciprocal of the sum of the squares of range function residuals over all satellite transmitter groups, a range function residual being the difference in values of the computed range function and the measured range function.

5. The method of claim 1 further comprising the following steps:

eliminating particular candidate headings from further consideration under certain conditions, the conditions being that a second set of one or more quality requirements is specified and the refined headings associated with the particular candidate headings fail to satisfy the second set of quality requirements;

discarding the data associated with a candidate heading for prior method intervals under certain conditions, the conditions being that a third set of one or more quality requirements is specified and the refined headings associated with the candidate heading fail to satisfy the third set of quality requirements;

declaring a candidate heading associated with a refined heading to be the correct candidate heading under certain conditions, the conditions being that a fourth set of one or more quality requirements is specified and the refined heading satisfies the fourth set of quality requirements, the range function residuals being made available to the Kalman process, a range function residual being the difference in values of a computed range function and the corresponding measured range function associated with the refined heading associated with the correct candidate heading.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the second set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure for a refined heading is greater than a threshold value.

7. The method of claim 5 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure for a refined heading for a method interval is greater than a threshold value.

8. The method of claim 5 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the values of the integer function for the candidate heading associated with a refined heading are the same for the present and previous method intervals.

9. The method of claim 5 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the ratio of the smaller value to the larger value of a quality measure for refined headings associated with the same candidate heading for present and previous method intervals is greater than a threshold value.

10. The method of claim 5 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the difference between the IMU heading change and a refined heading change from the previous method interval to the present method interval is less than a threshold value.

11. The method of claim 5 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the difference in refined headings associated with the same candidate heading for present and previous method intervals is less than a threshold value.

12. The method of claim 5 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the values of a quality measure for refined headings associated with the same candidate heading for present and previous method intervals are greater than a threshold value.

13. The method of claim 5 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure of each of the refined headings associated with the correct candiate heading for one or more specified evaluation intervals is the highest of all refined headings for the same evaluation interval.

14. The method of claim 5 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure of each of the refined headings associated with the correct candidate heading for one or more specified evaluation intervals is greater than a threshold value.

15. The method of claim 5 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure of each of the refined headings associated with the correct candidate heading for one or more specified evaluation intervals having the second-highest quality measures is less than a threshold value.

16. The method of claim 5 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the number of degrees of freedom accumulated over a specified number of method intervals is greater than a threshold value.

17. The method of claim 5 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

for the correct candidate heading, the difference between the change in each of the associated refined headings for one or more specified evaluation intervals from the previous method interval to the present method interval and the corresponding IMU heading change is less than a threshold value.

18. The method of claim 5 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirement is comprised of:

the ratio of the smaller to the larger of the quality measures of the refined headings associated with the correct candidate heading for evaluation intervals of different lengths is greater than a threshold value.

19. The method of claim 5 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirement is comprised of:

the change of each of the refined headings associated with the correct candidate heading for one or more specified evaluation intervals from the previous method interval to the present method interval is less than a threshold value.

20. Apparatus for practicing the method of claim 1.

21. Apparatus for practicing the method of claim 5.

22. Apparatus for obtaining observables for input to a Kalman filter process which determines the roll, pitch, and heading of a platform, the method utilizing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the platform and an associated processor, a plurality of signal receiving antennas attached to the platform, and a plurality of satellite transmitters, the platform having a reference point to which the IMU is referenced, the antennas having known locations relative to the platform reference point, the method being repeatedly executed at time intervals called method intervals, the Kalman filter process supplying roll, pitch, and heading corrections to the IMU and its associated processor at time intervals called Kalman filter intervals, a Kalman filter interval being a multiple of the method interval, the apparatus comprising:

a means for determining the value of a phase function for each of a plurality of satellite transmitter groups, a satellite transmitter group consisting of one or more satellite transmitters, a phase function being a function of the phases of the signals received from the satellite transmitters in a satellite transmitter group at the plurality of antennas;

a means for obtaining pitch, roll, and heading of the platform from the IMU and its associated processor, the heading being called the IMU heading;

a processor for determining the value of a computed range function for each satellite transmitter group and for each of a plurality of candidate headings, a range function being a function of the ranges of the satellite transmitters in a satellite transmitter group to the plurality of antennas, the ranges for the computed range function being determined from ranges calculated from the locations of the satellite transmitters, the location of the platform reference point, the locations of the antennas relative to the platform reference point, the pitch and roll of the platform, and a candidate heading, the plurality of candidate headings spanning the range of headings from the IMU heading minus a first value to the IMU heading plus a second value;

a means for determining the value of an integer function for each satellite transmitter group and for each candidate heading, the integer function being the difference in the computed range function and the phase function rounded to the nearest integer;

a means for determining the value of a measured range function for each satellite transmitter group and for each candidate heading, a measured range function being the sum of the phase function and the integer function;

a means for eliminating candidate headings from further consideration under certain conditions, the conditions being that a first set of one or more quality requirements is specified and the candidate headings fail to satisfy the first set of quality requirements;

a means for determining a refined candidate heading for each of one or more evaluation intervals for each of the remaining candidate headings utilizing the values of the measured range function for the satellite transmitter groups obtained during each of the one or more evaluation intervals, an evaluation interval including the present method interval and zero or more prior method intervals, a refined candidate heading being the heading for which a quality measure is highest.

23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the phase function is a double-differenced phase and the range function is a double-differenced range, a double-differenced phase being the difference in the single-differenced phases for two satellite transmitters, a single-differenced phase for a satellite transmitter being the difference in phase of the signals received from the satellite transmitter at two antennas, a double-differenced range being the difference in the single-differenced ranges for the satellite transmitters, a single-differenced range for a satellite transmitter being the difference in ranges of the satellite transmitter to two antennas.

24. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the first set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure for the candidate heading is greater than a threshold value.

25. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the quality measure is the reciprocal of the sum of the squares of range function residuals over all satellite transmitter groups, a range function residual being the difference in values of the computed range function and the measured range function.

26. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising the following steps:

a means for eliminating particular candidate headings from further consideration under certain conditions, the conditions being that a second set of one or more quality requirements is specified and the refined headings associated with the particular candidate headings fail to satisfy the second set of quality requirements;

a means for discarding the data associated with a candidate heading for prior method intervals under certain conditions, the conditions being that a third set of one or more quality requirements is specified and the refined headings associated with the candidate heading fail to satisfy the third set of quality requirements;

a means for declaring a candidate heading associated with a refined heading to be the correct candidate heading under certain conditions, the conditions being that a fourth set of one or more quality requirements is specified and the refined heading satisfies the fourth set of quality requirements, the range function residuals being made available to the Kalman process, a range function residual being the difference in values of a computed range function and the corresponding measured range function associated with the refined heading associated with the correct candidate heading.

27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the second set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure for a refined heading is greater than a threshold value.

28. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure for a refined heading for a method interval is greater than a threshold value.

29. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the values of the integer function for the candidate heading associated with a refined heading are the same for the present and previous method intervals.

30. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the ratio of the smaller value to the larger value of a quality measure for refined headings associated with the same candidate heading for present and previous method intervals is greater than a threshold value.

31. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the difference between the IMU heading change and a refined heading change from the previous method interval to the present method interval is less than a threshold value.

32. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the difference in refined headings associated with the same candidate heading for present and previous method intervals is less than a threshold value.

33. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the third set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the values of a quality measure for refined headings associated with the same candidate heading for present and previous method intervals are greater than a threshold value.

34. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure of each of the refined headings associated with the correct candiate heading for one or more specified evaluation intervals is the highest of all refined headings for the same evaluation interval.

35. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure of each of the refined headings associated with the correct candidate heading for one or more specified evaluation intervals is greater than a threshold value.

36. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the quality measure of each of the refined headings associated with the correct candidate heading for one or more specified evaluation intervals having the second-highest quality measures is less than a threshold value.

37. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

the number of degrees of freedom accumulated over a specified number of method intervals is greater than a threshold value.

38. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirements is comprised of:

for the correct candidate heading, the difference between the change in each of the associated refined headings for one or more specified evaluation intervals from the previous method interval to the present method interval and the corresponding IMU heading change is less than a threshold value.

39. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirement is comprised of:

the ratio of the smaller to the larger of the quality measures of the refined headings associated with the correct candidate heading for evaluation intervals of different lengths is greater than a threshold value.

40. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the fourth set of one or more quality requirement is comprised of:

the change of each of the refined headings associated with the correct candidate heading for one or more specified evaluation intervals from the previous method interval to the present method interval is less than a threshold value.