Apparatus and method for establishing frame synchronization in distributed digital data communication systems

• US 5,768,269 A
• Filed: 08/25/1995
• Issued: 06/16/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 08/25/1995
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Google Technology Holdings LLC (Alphabet Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Terayon Corp. (Motorola Solutions, Inc.)
• Inventors: Azenkot, Yehuda, Rakib, Selim Shlomo
• Primary Examiner(s): Safourek, Benedict V.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Ngo, Ricky Q.
• Application Number:
  US08/519,630
• Time in Patent Office: 1,026 Days
• Field of Search: 370/319, 370/320, 370/321, 370/324, 370/335, 370/342, 370/441, 370/503, 370/504, 370/508, 370/509, 370/510, 370/512, 370/517, 370/519, 375/219, 375/316, 375/354, 375/356, 375/360, 375/361, 375/363, 455/3.1, 455/38.1, 340/825.04, 340/825.44, 348/6, 348/13
• US Class Current: 370/342
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/707 using direct sequence modulation
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 2201/709709 Methods of preventing interference
• CPC Class Codes: H04H 60/97 using uplink of the CATV systems
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 13/00 Code division multiplex systems for frequency hopping H04B1/713
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 13/004 Orthogonal
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 14/007 Orthogonal Optical Code Multiplex
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 12/2801 Broadband local area networks
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2025/03414 Multicarrier
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 25/03343 Arrangements at the transmitter end
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/362 Modulation using more than one carrier, e.g. with quadrature carriers, separately amplitude modulated H04L27/366 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 5/023 Multiplexing of multicarrier modulation signals multicarrier modulation H04L27/2601
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 5/026 using code division
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 5/06 the signals being represented by different frequencies combined with time-division multiplexing H04L5/26
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 7/041 using special codes as synchronising signal
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 7/17309 Transmission or handling of upstream communications
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 48/16 Discovering, processing access restriction or access information
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 74/0866 using a dedicated channel for access

Abstract

A method and apparatus for carrying out synchronous codivision multiple access (SCDMA) communication of multiple channels of digital data over a shared transmission media such as a cable television system coaxial cable, a fiber optic or copper conductor telephone link, terrestial microwave, satellite link, local or wide area network, wireless including cellur network or some combination of these media using suitable interface circuitry. The system includes modems at remote units and a central unit to receive time division multiplexed digital data arranged into timeslots or channels and uses orthogonal codes to encode each channel of multiple data and spread the energy of each channel data over a frame of data transmitted in the code domain. Spreading the data this way makes the system less susceptible to impulse noise. Frames are synchronized as between remote and central units using a ranging scheme which is also useful in any other system transmitting data by frames in a distributed system where synchronizing the frames as between all units regardless of differences in propagation delays is necessary. Each frame in the SCDMA modulation scheme includes a gap or guardband containing no other data. The ranging process involves training each remote unit to impose enough delay prior to re-transmission of a barker code received from the CU such that a barker code sent by the RU arrives at the CU during the gap. The process of setting the delay in each RU is a trial and error process, and each RU starts the ranging process asynchronously. Contention resolution protocols such that only one RU is aligning to the gap at any particular time are taught.

Claims

1. A process for aligning frame timing in a bidirectional distributed data communication system that communicates payload digital data organized into frames, each frame having an alignment gap during which transmission of payload data is forbidden, said communication system having a central unit and one or more remote units, said alignment process ensuring that frames of data transmitted from each said remote unit arrive at said central unit aligned in time with a frame timing reference established by said central unit, comprising the steps of:

(1) broadcasting a unique trigger signal from said central unit to remote unit that is attempting to align its transmit timing to a frame timing reference established by said central unit, said frame timing reference being said alignment gap;

(2) receiving said unique trigger signal in said remote unit attempting to align to said frame timing reference, and setting a programmable delay at a first trial value, and retransmitting said unique trigger signal to said central unit at a time delayed from said time of receipt of said unique trigger signal from said central unit by the interval of said programmable delay;

(3) performing a correlation calculation in said central unit between said unique trigger signal transmitted by said central unit and any signal received during said alignment gap following the frame in which said unique trigger signal was transmitted by said central unit;

(4) if no peak is found resulting from said correlation calculation, broadcasting a message from said central unit to said remote unit attempting to align indicating that the remote unit is not properly aligned yet and retransmitting said unique trigger signal during the next frame;

(5) receiving in said remote unit attempting to align said unique trigger signal sent by said central unit during said next frame and receiving said broadcast message indicating alignment has not yet been achieved, and setting said programmable delay at a new trial value and retransmitting said unique trigger signal to said central unit at a time delayed from said time of receipt of said unique trigger signal from said central unit by the interval of said programmable delay;

(6) performing a correlation calculation between said unique trigger signal transmitted during said next frame and any signal received during said alignment gap following said next frame;

(7) repeating steps (4), (5) and (6) in successive frames until a peak is found in a step that corresponds to step (6);

(8) sending a message from the central unit to the remote unit that is attempting to align that alignment has been achieved and to hold the programmable delay value constant at the value that resulting in proper alignment for future transmissions.

2. A process for aligning frame timing in a bidirectional distributed data communication system that communicates payload digital data organized into frames, each frame having an alignment gap during which transmission of payload data is forbidden, said communication system having a central unit and a plurality of remote units, said alignment process ensuring that frames of data transmitted from each said remote unit arrive at said central unit aligned in time with a frame timing reference established by said central unit, comprising the steps of:

(1) broadcasting a unique trigger signal from said central unit to all remote units that are attempting to align their transmit timing to a frame timing reference established by said central unit, said frame timing reference being said alignment gap;

(2) receiving said unique trigger signal in each said remote unit that is attempting to align to said frame timing reference, and setting a programmable delay at a first trial value, and retransmitting said unique trigger signal to said central unit at a time delayed from said time of receipt of said unique trigger signal from said central unit by the interval of said programmable delay;

(3) performing a correlation calculation in said central unit between said unique trigger signal transmitted by said central unit and any signal received during said alignment gap following the frame in which said unique trigger signal was transmitted by said central unit;

(4) if no peak is found resulting from said correlation calculation, broadcasting a message from said central unit to all said remote unit attempting to align indicating that no remote unit is properly aligned yet and retransmitting said unique trigger signal during the next frame;

(5) receiving in each said remote unit attempting to align said unique trigger signal sent by said central unit during said next frame and receiving said broadcast message indicating alignment has not yet been achieved, and setting said programmable delay at a new trial value in each said remote unit attempting to align and retransmitting said unique trigger signal from each said remote unit attempting to align to said central unit at a time delayed from said time of receipt of said unique trigger signal from said central unit by the interval of said programmable delay;

(6) performing a correlation calculation between said unique trigger signal transmitted during said next frame and any signal received during said alignment gap following said next frame;

(7) repeating steps (4), (5) and (6) in successive frames until a peak is found in a step that corresponds to step (6);

(8) broadcasting a message from the centrol unit to all remote units that are attempting to align that a peak has been found in said alignment gap;

(9) transmitting from each said remote unit attempting to align a unique signature sequence over a plurality of frames comprising an even number of successive signature sequence frames, each said remote unit having a unique signature sequence comprising a permutation of transmission of said unique trigger signal during some frames of said signature sequence frames but not others with the number of frames during which said unique trigger signal is sent comprising 50% of the total number of signature sequence frames;

(10) performing in the central unit a correlation calculation between the unique trigger signal of each frame and any signals received during the alignment gap of each frame in said signature sequence frames;

(11) counting the number of alignment gaps in said signature sequence frames during which correlation peaks occurred and comparing that number to the total number of signature sequence frames;

(12) if the number of alignment gaps in said signature sequence frames during which correlation peaks occurred is 50%, examining the exact sequence of said alignment gaps during which peaks occurred and identifying the particular remote unit that has successfully aligned from the signature sequence received;

(13) sending a message to the remote unit that has successfully aligned to hold the programmable delay that caused said successful alignment constant for future transmissions;

(14) if the number of alignment gaps during which correlation peaks occurred is greater than 50%, broadcasting a collision message to all remote units that more than one remote unit has aligned thereby preventing proper identification and requesting that all remote units execute collision resolution protocols;

(15) receiving said collision message in each remote unit attempting to align and executing in each remote unit attempting to align a collision resolution protocol comprising a random decision whether to continue to attempt to align or cease attempting to align;

(16) in each remote unit which has decided to continue to attempt to align, retransmitting the unique signature sequence;

(17) performing in the central unit a correlation calculation between the unique trigger signal of each frame and any signals received during the alignment gap of each frame in said signature sequence frames;

(18) counting the number of alignment gaps in said signature sequence frames during which correlation peaks occurred and comparing that number to the total number of signature sequence frames;

(19) if the number of alignment gaps in said signature sequence frames during which correlation peaks occurred is 50% of the total number of frames in the signature sequence, examining the exact sequence of said alignment gaps during which peaks occurred and identifying the particular remote unit that has successfully aligned from the signature sequence received and sending that remote unit a message telling it to hold the programmable delay that resulted in the successful alignment constant for future transmissions;

(20) if the number of alignment gaps in said signature sequence during which correlation peaks occurred is still more than 50% of the total number of frames in the signature sequence, repeat steps (14) through (20) until the number of alignment gaps in said signature sequence during which correlation peaks occurred is 50% of the total number of frames in the signature sequence or no peaks occur during the alignment gaps of the signature sequence, and then proceed to step (21) if the number of alignment gaps in said signature sequence during which correlation peaks occurred is 50% of the total number of frames in the signature sequence, or, if no peaks occur during the alignment gaps of the signature sequence, proceed to step (22);

(21) if the number of alignment gaps in said signature sequence frames during which correlation peaks occurred is 50% of the total number of frames in the signature sequence, examining the exact sequence of said alignment gaps during which peaks occurred and identifying the particular remote unit that has successfully aligned from the signature sequence received and sending that remote unit a message telling it to hold the programmable delay that resulted in the successful alignment constant for future transmissions;

(22) broadcast a message from the central unit to all remote units that were attempting to align to re-execute their collision resolution protocols;

(23) each remote unit that was attempting to align reexecutes its collision resolution protocol, and the remote units that decide to continue attempting to align retransmit their unique signature sequences using the same programmable delay as existed in step (14);

(24) counting the number of times step (17) has been performed, and if it has been performed a number of times equal to or greater than a predetermined number, proceeding to step (25), but, if not, proceeding to step (26);

(25) proceed to step (1) and repeat the entire alignment process;

repeating steps (17) through (26) until each remote unit attempting to align has successfully aligned.

3. The process of claim 2 further comprising the following steps:

whenever any remote unit has successfully aligned to an alignment gap and only that one remote unit has successfully broadcast its signature sequence and has been identified thereby, examining the position of said correlation peak relative to the edges of said alignment gap, and sending instructions to said remote unit to adjust its programmable delay a slight amount in the appropriate direction so as to center said correlation peak in said alignment gap, and, after this fine tuning has been achieved, sending instructions to said remote unit to hold said programmable delay constant at the fined tuned value for future transmissions.

4. A ranging process for use in a distributed system comprising a central unit coupled by a shared transmission media to a plurality of remote units at physically disparate locations, comprising the steps of:

determining the propagation time in each remote unit from said remote unit to said central unit via said shared transmission media by transmitting a unique signal which can be detected by said central unit and adjusting a transmit timing delay factor prior to each transmission until said central unit sends a message to said remote unit indicating that said unique signal has arrived at a proper time which will cause a transmission from that remote unit to arrive at said central unit at the same time as transmissions from all other remote units which have previously successfully completed a ranging process and properly set their respective transmit timing delay factors;

when said message is received by said remote unit performing said ranging process from said central unit, fixing said transmit timing delay factor at the value which caused said unique signal to arrive at said central unit at said proper time so as to establish synchronization of transmission as between all said remote units, and, thereafter, using for every transmission by said remote unit to said central unit the value so fixed for said transmit timing delay until said ranging process is performed again by said remote unit.

5. The process of claim 4 wherein said remote units transmit data to said central unit in frames each of which includes a guardband during which no data is sent, and wherein said central unit sends said message to said remote unit when said unique signal is received at said central unit during said guardband.

6. The process of claim 5 further comprising the step of said central unit broadcasting a barker code a predetermined time interval after the start of every frame, and wherein the steps of determining the propagation time and fixing said transmit timing delay are performed performing the following steps:

(1) receiving said barker code broadcast by said central unit;

(2) transmitting the same barker code back toward said central unit after setting a first trial and error value for said transmit timing delay;

(3) monitoring said transmission media during said guardband using a receiver apparatus in said central unit for receipt of said barker code by performing a correlation between any signals received during said guardband and said barker code;

(4) when said central unit detects said barker code in said gap, broadcasting a message to all remote units indicating a barker code has been found in the gap and asking each remote unit that is performing said ranging process to send a signature sequence to identify itself where said signature sequence comprises sending said barker code during half the frames of a multiple frame sequence using the same transmit timing delay used in the last transmission before receiving the message from said central unit that a barker code had been detected in the guardband;

(5) performing a correlation in said central unit during the guardbands of each of the frames of said signature sequence and determining if barker codes are found in exactly half of the frames of the signature sequence;

(6) if barker codes are found in exactly half of the frames of the signature sequence, determining the sequence of guardbands in which barker codes were found and identifying the remote unit which transmitted the signature sequence by the sequence of guardbands in which barker codes were found and broadcasting said identity so found from said central unit;

(7) receiving said identity broadcast in the remote units which are performing said ranging process and, in each remote unit, comparing the identity broadcast to the remote unit'"'"'s identity, and, if a match is found, entering fine tuning mode;

(8) in said central unit determining the time differential between the time of occurrence of a correlation peak caused by reception of a barker code from the remote unit in fine tuning mode and transmitting an instruction to said remote unit indicating how much time to add or subtract from the transmit timing delay of said remote unit to cause said correlation peak to occur in the middle of said guardband.

7. The process of claim 6 further comprising the steps of:

(9) if barker codes are found in more than half the guardbands of said frames of said signature sequence in step (6), omitting steps (7) and (8) and performing the following steps;

(9a) broadcasting a message from said central unit to all remote units instructing the remote units which are performing a ranging process to execute collision resolution protocols;

(9b) in each remote unit performing a ranging process, executing a decision with a 50% probability of either outcome regarding whether to stop or continue the ranging process by making further adjustments in said transmit frame timing delay;

(9c) in each remote unit which decided to continue the ranging process, retransmitting its signature sequence using the same transmit timing delay as was last used;

(9d) monitoring said transmission media using a receiver in said central unit to determine how many guardbands of the frames in said signature sequence have barker codes therein;

(9e) if exactly half the guardbands of said frames of said signature sequence have barker codes therein, repeating steps (6), (7) and (8) of claim 6;

(9f) if more than half the guardbands of the frames of said signature sequence have barker codes therein, repeating step (9a) through (9f);

(9g) if no guardband of said frames of said signature sequence have barker codes therein, using a transmitter in said central unit to broadcast a message to all remote units to reexecute their collision resolution protocols by repeating steps (9b) through (9g);

(9h) counting the number of times step (9g) is reached, and after step (9g) is executed more than 10 times, returning to step 1 and starting the process over.

8. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein data is transmitted between said central unit and said remote units in frames, each frame having a guardband and wherein said proper time is a time within said guardband, and further comprising the steps of:

broadcasting a trigger signal from said central unit to all said remote units during each frame a predetermined delay after the start of each frame which triggers transmissions during said ranging process by any remote unit performing said ranging process;

when necessary to maintain synchronization of transmission by all said remote units, adjusting a delay factor imposed by said central unit before transmission of said trigger signal;

maintaining synchronization of transmission in all said remote units by measuring in each remote unit the deviation between the time of reception at said remote unit relative to the start of each frame of said trigger signal with the delay factor before the change in said delay factor and the time of reception at said remote unit relative to the start of each frame of said trigger signal with the delay factor after the change, and using said deviation to alter said transmit frame timing delay factor in each remote unit by an amount equal to said deviation in each remote unit, and then reinitiating said ranging process.

9. The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising the steps of:

broadcasting a trigger signal from said central unit to all said remote units during each frame a predetermined delay after the start of each frame which triggers transmissions during said ranging process by any remote unit performing said ranging process;

when necessary to maintain synchronization of transmission by all said remote units, broadcasting a message to all remote units indicating that a specific adjustment to said predetermined delay at a specific time and requesting all remote units to adjust their transmit timing delay factors by the same amount at the same time, and, at the designated time, adjusting said predetermined delay by the specified amount before transmission of said trigger signal;

in each remote unit, adjusting the transmit timing delay factor by the amount specified in said message from said central unit at the time specified in said message and reinitiating said ranging process.

10. An apparatus comprising:

a shared transmission media;

a plurality of remote units physically distributed throughout a distributed system, each remote unit coupled to a central unit by said shared transmission media, said apparatus for transmitting a plurality of streams of digital data received at said remote units to said central unit organized as frames by encoding data in each frame from one of said plurality of streams of digital data with a different orthogonal code;

and wherein each remote unit and said central unit each contain a transceiver, said transceiver comprising a transmitter section and a receiver section, said transmitter section comprising;

a framer circuit for receiving data from different timeslots of a time division multiplexed data stream, predetermined timeslots containing data from specified ones of said plurality of streams of digital data, and for imposing a transmit frame timing delay before the transmission of each said frame so as to cause each said remote unit to transmit each frame in frame synchronization such that said frame arrives at said central unit at the same time as corresponding frames from said other remote units;

an orthogonal code multiplexer for receiving data from said framer circuit from different timeslots and encoding said data with a different orthogonal code by matrix multiplication of information vectors comprised of data from said different timeslots times a code matrix containing as many different orthogonal codes as there are different timeslots; and

a modulator for receiving encoded data from said orthogonal code multiplexer and using said encoded data to modulate one or more RF carriers and transmit said RF carriers on said shared transmission media;

and wherein said receiver section comprises;

a demodulator for demodulating said RF carrier and providing output data;

an orthogonal code demultiplexer for multiplying said output data from said demodulator times a transpose of said code matrix;

a detector for receiving data from said orthogonal code demultiplexer and for determining therefrom the original data which was multiplied by said code matrix; and

a deframer circuit for reassembling said original time division multiplexed data stream from output data from said detector.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising an ECC encoder in each transmitter section which receives data from said framer circuit from each said timeslot and calculates therefrom ECC bits which are appended to said data from each timeslot, and wherein each said information vector is comprised of multiple elements, each element comprised of data from one of said timeslots plus said ECC bits calculated from the data from each timeslot, and wherein data resulting from said matrix multiplication by said orthogonal code multiplexer is divided into inphase and quadrature components and wherein said modulator comprises a first multiplier to multiply said inphase components times the digital representation of a first RF carrier and a second multiplier to multiply said quadrature component times the digital representation of a second RF carrier which has the same frequency of said first RF carrier but which is 90 degrees out of phase therewith, and a summer to sum the results of said multiplications performed by said first and second multipliers.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising first and second low pass filters in said modulator for filtering said inphase and quadrature components to remove high frequency components in the Fourier spectrums thereof and limit most of the spectral power to a 6 mHz band centered around the frequency of said first and second RF carriers.

13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said modulator uses 16 QAM modulation.

14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said modulator uses QAM modulation and wherein said detector is a slicer which outputs preliminary determinations, and further comprising a Viterbi decoder for receiving said preliminary determinations of said slicer and using said preliminary determinations and said ECC bits to determine the most probable legitimate constellation point which was transmitted during each timeslot and making a final determination of what constellation point was transmitted during each timeslot for input to said deframer circuit.