Apparatus and method for measuring strain in bragg gratings

• US 5,798,521 A
• Filed: 02/27/1997
• Issued: 08/25/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 02/27/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Government of the United States of America)
• Original Assignee: United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
• Inventors: Froggatt, Mark E.
• Primary Examiner(s): LE, QUE TAN
• Application Number:
  US08/806,732
• Time in Patent Office: 544 Days
• Field of Search: 250/227.19, 250/227.14, 250/227.17, 340/555-557, 73/760, 73/767-769, 73/789, 73/794, 73/795, 73/805, 356/32-35, 356/35.5, 385/11, 385/14
• US Class Current: 250/227.19
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/18 using photoelastic elements
• CPC Class Codes: G01D 5/35383 using multiple sensor devices using multiplexing techniques

Abstract

An apparatus and method for measuring strain of gratings written into an optical fiber. Optical radiation is transmitted over a plurality of contiguous predetermined wavelength ranges into a reference optical fiber network and an optical fiber network under test to produce a plurality of reference interference fringes and measurement interference fringes, respectively. The reference and measurement fringes are detected and sampled such that each sampled value of the reference and measurement fringes is associated with a corresponding sample number. The wavelength change of the reference optical fiber, for each sample number, due to the wavelength of the optical radiation is determined. Each determined wavelength change is matched with a corresponding sampled value of each measurement fringe. Each sampled measurement fringe of each wavelength sweep is transformed into a spatial domain waveform. The spatial domain waveforms are summed to form a summation spatial domain waveform that is used to determine location of each grating with respect to a reference reflector. A portion of each spatial domain waveform that corresponds to a particular grating is determined and transformed into a corresponding frequency spectrum representation. The strain on the grating at each wavelength of optical radiation is determined by determining the difference between the current wavelength and an earlier, zero-strain wavelength measurement.

Claims

1. A method for measuring strain of gratings written in an optical fiber comprising the steps of:

a) providing a reference optical fiber network having a reference optical fiber;

b) transmitting optical radiation over a plurality of contiguous predetermined wavelength ranges into the reference optical fiber network and an optical fiber network under test, the optical fiber network under test including a reflector and a sensing optical fiber having a plurality of gratings written thereon, the transmission of optical radiation over each wavelength range into the reference optical fiber network and the optical fiber network under test producing a plurality of reference interference fringes and measurement interference fringes, respectively;

c) detecting the reference and measurement interference fringes;

d) sampling the detected reference and measurement interference fringes such that each sampled value of the reference and measurement interference fringes is associated with a corresponding sample number;

e) determining for each sample number the wavelength change of the reference optical fiber due to the wavelength of the optical radiation;

f) matching each wavelength change determined in step (e) with a corresponding sampled value of each measurement interference fringe;

g) transforming each sampled measurement interference fringe into a spatial domain waveform such that each spatial domain waveform corresponds to one of the contiguous predetermined wavelength ranges;

h) summing the spatial domain waveforms to form a summation spatial domain waveform;

i) determining from the summation spatial domain waveform the location of each grating with respect to the reflector of the optical fiber network under test;

j) determining from each spatial domain waveform of transforming step (g) a portion of the spatial domain waveform corresponding to a particular grating;

k) transforming each portion determined in step (j) into a corresponding frequency spectrum representation; and

l) determining the strain on the grating at each wavelength of optical radiation by determining the difference between the current wavelength and an earlier, zero-strain wavelength measurement.

2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising the step (m) of repeating steps (j)-(l) for every grating written on the sensing optical fiber.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein step (k) further comprises concatenating each frequency spectrum representation to form a composite frequency spectrum representation.

4. The method according to claim 1 wherein detecting step (c) comprises the steps of:

detecting the power of the reference and measurement interference fringes; and

converting the power of the reference and measurement interference fringes to analog voltage waveforms.

5. The method according to claim 1 wherein sampling step (d) comprises the step of:

digitizing the sample values; and

forming arrays comprising the digitized sample values of the reference and measurement interference fringes and sample numbers associated with the digitized sample values wherein each digitized sample value has a corresponding sample number indicating a point in time when the digitized sampled value was produced.

6. The method according to claim 5 further comprising the steps of:

forming data arrays comprising the digitized samples and the corresponding sample numbers; and

storing the data arrays in a storage medium.

7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the determining step (e) comprises producing a discrete Fourier Transform based on the samples and sample numbers associated with the reference interference fringe.

8. The method according to claim 7 further comprising the step of filtering the produced discrete Fourier Transform such that the responses at 0 Hz and all frequencies above a predetermined Nyquist frequency are substantially zero.

9. The method according to claim 8 further comprising the step of producing an inverse Fourier Transform based on the filtered discrete Fourier Transform to produce a complex array comprising a real part and an imaginary part, the real part being the reference interference fringe without a DC offset, the imaginary part being the quadrature complement to the real part.

10. The method according to claim 9 further comprising the step of converting the complex array to polar representation.

11. The method according to claim 10 further comprising the step of unwrapping the phase of the polar representation to produce phase values for each sample number.

12. The method according to claim 11 further comprising the step of determining the change in wavelength of the reference optical fiber for each phase value.

13. The method according to claim 1 wherein transforming step (g) comprises the step of producing a discrete Fourier Transform based on the samples and sample numbers associated with the measurement interference fringes to produce the spatial domain waveforms.

14. The method according to claim 13 wherein each measurement interference fringe is linearized prior to producing the discrete Fourier Transform.

15. The method according to claim 1 wherein each contiguous wavelength range has a bandwidth that is less than 0.29 nm.

16. An apparatus for measuring strain of gratings written in an optical fiber comprising:

a reference optical fiber network having a reference optical fiber;

a coherent light source for transmitting optical radiation over a plurality of contiguous predetermined wavelength ranges into the reference optical fiber network and an optical fiber network under test, the optical fiber network under test including a reflector and a sensing optical fiber having a plurality of gratings written thereon, the transmission of optical radiation over each wavelength range into the reference optical fiber network and the optical fiber network under test producing a plurality of reference interference fringes and measurement interference fringes, respectively;

a detector for detecting the reference and measurement interference fringes;

a circuit for sampling the detected reference and measurement interference fringes such that each sampled value of the reference and measurement interference fringes is associated with a corresponding sample number; and

a control system for (l) determining for each sample number the wavelength change of the reference optical fiber due to the wavelength of optical radiation, (ii) matching each wavelength change with a corresponding sampled value of each measurement interference fringe, (iii) transforming each sampled measurement interference fringe into a spatial domain waveform such that each spatial domain waveform corresponds to one of the contiguous predetermined wavelength ranges, (iv) summing the spatial domain waveforms to form a summation spatial domain waveform, (v) determining from the summation spatial domain waveform the location of each grating with respect to the reflector of the optical fiber network under test, (vi) determining from each spatial domain waveform the portion of the spatial domain waveform corresponding to a particular grating, (vii) transforming each portion into a frequency spectrum representation, and (viii) determining the strain on the grating at each wavelength of optical radiation by determining the difference between the current wavelength and an earlier, zero-strain wavelength measurement.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16 wherein the control system performs functions (l)-(viii) on each grating written into the sensing optical fiber.

18. The apparatus according to claim 16 wherein the control system comprises means for concatenating each frequency spectrum representation to form a composite frequency spectrum representation.

19. The apparatus according to claim 16 further comprising:

an analog to digital converter for digitizing the sampled values of the reference and measurement interference fringes; and

means for forming arrays comprising the digitized sample values of the reference and measurement interference fringes and sample numbers associated with the digitized sample values wherein each digitized sample value has a corresponding sample number indicating a point in time when the digitized sampled value was produced.

20. The apparatus according to claim 16 wherein the control system further comprises means for producing a discrete Fourier Transform based on samples and sample numbers associated with the reference interference fringe.

21. The apparatus according to claim 20 wherein the control system further comprises means for filtering the produced discrete Fourier Transform such that the responses at 0 Hz and all frequencies above a predetermined Nyquist frequency are substantially zero.

22. The apparatus according to claim 20 wherein the control system further comprises means for producing the inverse Fourier Transform based on the filtered discrete Fourier Transform to produce a complex array comprising a real part and an imaginary part, the real part being the reference interference fringe without a DC offset, the imaginary part being the quadrature complement to the real part.

23. The apparatus according to claim 22 wherein the control system further comprises means for converting the complex array to polar representation.

24. The apparatus according to claim 23 wherein the control system further comprises means for unwrapping the phase of the polar representation to produce phase values for each sample number.

25. The apparatus according to claim 24 wherein the control system further comprises means for determining the change in wavelength of the reference optical fiber for each phase value.

26. The apparatus according to claim 16 wherein the control system further comprises means for producing a Fourier Transform based on the samples and sample numbers associated with the measurement interference fringes to produce the spatial domain waveforms.

27. The apparatus according to claim 26 wherein the control system further comprises means for linearizing each measurement interference fringe prior to producing the Fourier Transform.

28. The apparatus according to claim 16 wherein the coherent light source comprises a tunable laser.

29. The apparatus according to claim 28 further comprising a laser controller for tuning the laser over each of the contiguous wavelength ranges.

30. An apparatus for measuring strain of gratings written in an optical fiber comprising:

a reference optical fiber network having a reference optical fiber;

means for transmitting optical radiation over a plurality of contiguous predetermined wavelength ranges into the reference optical fiber network and an optical fiber network under test, the optical fiber network under test including a reflector and a sensing optical fiber having a plurality of gratings written thereon, the transmission of optical radiation over each wavelength range into the reference optical fiber network and the optical fiber network under test producing a plurality of reference interference fringes and measurement reference interference fringes, respectively;

means for detecting the reference and measurement interference fringes;

means for sampling the detected reference and measurement interference fringes such that each sampled value of the reference and measurement interference fringes is associated with a corresponding sample number;

means for determining for each sample number the wavelength change of the reference optical fiber due to the wavelength of the optical radiation;

means for matching each determined wavelength change with a corresponding sampled value of each measurement interference fringe;

means for transforming each sampled measurement interference fringe into a spatial domain waveform such that each spatial domain waveform corresponds to one of the contiguous predetermined wavelength ranges;

means for summing the spatial domain waveforms to form a summation spatial domain waveform;

means for determining from the summation spatial domain waveform the location of each grating with respect to the reflector of the optical fiber network under test;

means for determining from each spatial domain waveform a portion of the spatial domain waveform corresponding to a particular grating;

means for transforming each determined portion into a corresponding frequency spectrum representation; and

means for determining the grating at each wavelength of optical radiation by determining the difference between the current wavelength and an earlier, zero-strain wavelength measurement.