Laser based speed and accident reconstruction measuring apparatus and method

• US 5,806,020 A
• Filed: 04/16/1997
• Issued: 09/08/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 08/29/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Kama-Tech (HK) Limited
• Original Assignee: Laser Technology Incorporated (Laser Technology)
• Inventors: Zykan, Blair J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Voeltz, Emanuel Todd
• Assistant Examiner(s): Nguyen, Cuong H.
• Application Number:
  US08/843,577
• Time in Patent Office: 510 Days
• Field of Search: 364/550, 364/552, 364/559, 364/561, 364/565, 356/5.01, 356/5.05, 356/152.1, 356/376, 356/375, 356/139.03, 356/141.3, 356/141.5, 356/3.03, 356/3.09, 356/3.12, 356/3.14, 356/3.16, 356/399 , 356/4.01, 356/4.08, 33/293, 367/127.99, 367/118, 702/159, 702/152, 701/300, 250/201.6, 342/451, 342/458
• US Class Current: 702/159
• CPC Class Codes: G01C 15/002 Active optical surveying means optical plumbing G01C15/105
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/06 Systems determining position data of a target
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/08 for measuring distance only indirect measurement G01S17/46; active triangulation systems G01S17/48
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/46 Indirect determination of position data
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/58 Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/86 Combinations of lidar systems with systems other than lidar, radar or sonar, e.g. with direction finders
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/87 Combinations of systems using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/88 Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/89 for mapping or imaging

Abstract

An apparatus is disclosed for determining, in a first speed mode of operation, speed and range of a moving object and, in a second survey mode of operation, determining direct distances to an object and automatically calculate horizontal and vertical component distances to the object. Also disclosed is a system and method for data entry and retroactive reconstruction of the relative position of features and objects, in particular with respect to scenes such as transitory occurrences, utilizing a signal transmitting and receiving speed, distance and tilt angle determining apparatus or device. In a particular embodiment, the apparatus disclosed has especial applicability to tactical situation use by law enforcement personnel and the system and method in the on-scene recordation and subsequent ex post facto reconstruction of crime and traffic accident scenes by law enforcement officers. The system and method may be readily and efficiently implemented in conjunction with a laser-based speed, distance and tilt angle determining device otherwise usable for vehicle speed traffic monitoring functions utilizing either triangulation or baseline/offset mensuration techniques.

Claims

1. A hand held vehicle speed and object distance measuring apparatus comprising:

a hollow housing;

a signal transmitting and receiving device contained within said housing for transmitting and receiving a directed signal, said transmitted signal being directed toward each in a series of selected objects at a scene and receiving a reflected signal therefrom;

a user aiming sight thereon for directing said transmitted signal; and

a tilt angle sensor in said housing sensing a tilt angle of said transmitted signal, said tilt angle sensor having a neutral horizontal position and producing an electrical signal proportional to an inclination angle of said transmitted signal from said neutral horizontal position, said device being capable of determining a direct object distance and a horizontal distance to each of said series of selected objects based upon a time of flight of said transmitted signals directed to each one of said series of selected objects and reflected signals received from said each one of said series of selected objects and their respective tilt angles.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a data recorder associated with said device having a display viewable by said user, said data recorder being coupled to said device to store data indicative of a plurality of said object distances to each of said selected objects from said distance measuring device and respective tilt angles, said data recorder displaying selected ones of said distances on said display and associating each of said object distances with a user selected identifier input to said data input section.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said device is a laser based speed and distance measuring device.

4. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said data recorder is attached to said housing of said device.

5. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said signal transmitting and receiving device is a laser based speed and distance measuring device.

6. A hand held vehicle speed and object distance measuring apparatus comprising:

a housing;

a laser transmitting and receiving device contained within said housing for transmitting and receiving a directed light signal, said transmitted signal being directed toward each in a series of selected objects at a scene and receiving a reflected signal therefrom;

a user aiming sight coupled to said housing for directing said transmitted light signal;

a tilt angle sensor in said housing sensing a tilt angle of said transmitted signal, said tilt angle sensor having a neutral horizontal position and producing an electrical signal proportional to an inclination angle of said transmitted signal from said neutral horizontal position, said device being capable of determining a direct object distance and a horizontal distance to each of said series of selected objects based upon a time of flight of said transmitted signals directed to each one of said series of selected objects and reflected signals received from said each one of said series of selected objects and their respective tilt angles; and

a data recorder coupled to said device having a display viewable by said user, said data recorder being coupled to said device to store data indicative of a plurality of said object distances to each of said selected objects from said distance measuring device and respective tilt angles, said data recorder being capable of calculating coordinates of at least one of said selected objects.

7. A hand held vehicle speed and object distance measuring apparatus comprising:

a housing;

a laser transmitting and receiving device contained within said housing for transmitting and receiving a directed light signal, said transmitted signal being directed toward each in a series of selected objects at a scene and receiving a reflected signal therefrom;

a user aiming sight coupled to said housing for directing said transmitted light signal;

a tilt angle sensor in said housing sensing a tilt angle of said transmitted signal, said device being capable of determining a direct object distance and a horizontal distance to each of said series of selected objects based upon a time of flight of said transmitted signals directed to each one of said series of selected objects and reflected signals received from said each one of said series of selected objects and their respective tilt angles; and

a data recorder coupled to said device having a display viewable by said user, said data recorder being coupled to said device to store data indicative of a plurality of said object distances to each of said selected objects from said distance measuring device and respective tilt angles, said data recorder being capable of calculating coordinates of at least one of said selected objects;

wherein said tilt angle sensor is a damped fluid sensor having a neutral horizontal position, said sensor producing an electrical signal proportional to an inclination angle of said device from said neutral horizontal position.

8. The apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said data recorder displays direct distance, horizontal distance and tilt angle for each said object distance.

9. A method for determining first and second horizontal coordinates of a selected feature occupying at least one of a plurality of positions of a scene with respect to first and second control points fixed adjacent said scene, said method comprising the steps of:

initially determining a first horizontal distance between said first and second control points;

positioning a signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device adjacent said selected feature at said at least one of said plurality of positions;

directing a first transmitted signal toward said first control point and sensing a tilt angle of said signal;

receiving a first reflected signal from said first control point at said distance measuring device;

secondly determining a second horizontal distance between said at least one of said plurality of positions and said first control point based on a time of flight of said first transmitted and first reflected signals and said tilt angle of said transmitted signal;

directing a second transmitted signal toward said second control point and sensing a tilt angle of said second transmitted signal;

receiving a second reflected signal from said second control point at said distance measuring device;

thirdly determining a third horizontal distance between said at least one of said plurality of positions and said second control point based on a time of flight of said second transmitted and second reflected signals and said tilt angle of said second transmitted signal; and

calculating said first and second coordinates.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein said step of initially determining is carried out by the steps of:

additionally positioning said signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device adjacent said first control point;

additionally directing a third transmitted signal toward said second control point;

additionally receiving a third reflected signal from said second control point at said distance measuring device; and

additionally determining said first distance between said first and second control points based on a time of flight of said third transmitted and third reflected signals.

11. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step of:

computing an abscissa and ordinate of said feature with respect to a line through said first and second control points based upon said second and third distances and said tilt angles.

12. The method of claim 9 wherein said steps of directing, receiving, also directing and also receiving are carried out by means of a laser based ranging instrument.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein said steps of secondly and thirdly determining are carried out by means of a programmable field data collector.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein said first, second and third distances are electronically input to said field data collector by said laser based ranging instrument.

15. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of:

manually entering a verbal descriptor associated with said selected feature to said field data collector.

16. The method of claim 9 wherein said steps of positioning, directing and also directing are prompted by a display associated with said signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein said first and second coordinates are automatically computed based upon said first, second and third distances and displayed on said display.

18. A method for determining first and second coordinates of a selected feature occupying at least one of a plurality of positions of a scene with respect to first and second control points fixed adjacent said scene, said method comprising the steps of:

initially determining a first horizontal distance between said first and second control points;

positioning a signal transmitting and receiving distance and tilt angle measuring device adjacent said first control point;

directing a first transmitted signal toward said selected feature at said at least one of said plurality of positions;

sensing a first tilt angle of said measuring device;

receiving a first reflected signal from said at least one of said plurality of positions at said distance measuring device;

secondly determining a second horizontal distance between said first control point and said at least one of said plurality of positions based on a time of flight of said first transmitted and first reflected signals and said first tilt angle;

repositioning said distance measuring device adjacent said second control point;

also directing a second transmitted signal toward said at least one of said plurality of positions;

sensing a second tilt angle of said measuring device;

also receiving a second reflected signal from said at least one of said plurality of positions at said distance measuring device;

thirdly determining a third horizontal distance between said second control point and said at least one of said plurality of positions based on a time of flight of said second transmitted and second reflected signals and said second tilt angle; and

storing said first, second and third horizontal distances and said first and second tilt angles for subsequent calculation of said first and second coordinates.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein said step of initially determining is carried out by the steps of:

additionally positioning said signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device adjacent said first control point;

additionally directing a third transmitted signal toward said second control point;

sensing a third tilt angle of said distance measuring device;

additionally receiving a third reflected signal from said second control point at said distance measuring device; and

additionally determining said first horizontal distance between said first and second control points based on a time of flight of said third transmitted and third reflected signals and said third tilt angle.

20. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of:

computing an abscissa and ordinate of said feature with respect to a line through said first and second control points based upon said second and third distances.

21. The method of claim 18 wherein said steps of directing, receiving, also directing and also receiving are carried out by means of a laser based ranging instrument.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein said steps of secondly and thirdly determining are carried out by means of a programmable field data collector.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein said first, second and third distances are electronically input to said field data collector by said laser based ranging instrument.

24. The method of claim 22 further comprising the step of:

manually entering a verbal descriptor associated with said selected feature to said field data collector.

25. The method of claim 18 wherein said steps of positioning, directing and also directing are prompted by a display associated with said signal transmitting and receiving distance and tilt angle measuring device.

26. The method of claim 25 wherein said first and second coordinates are automatically computed based upon said first, second and third distances and displayed on said display.

27. A method for determining first and second horizontal coordinates of a feature occupying at least one of a plurality of positions of a scene with respect to a baseline extending between first and second control points fixed adjacent said scene, said method comprising the steps of:

positioning a signal transmitting and receiving distance and tilt angle measuring device at said least one of a plurality of points along said baseline perpendicular to a specific one of said plurality of positions;

directing a first transmitted signal toward said first control point and sensing a first tilt angle of said transmitted signal;

receiving a first reflected signal from said first control point at said distance measuring device;

determining a first horizontal distance between said at least one of said plurality of points along said baseline and said first control point based on a time of flight of said first transmitted and first reflected signals and said first tilt angle;

also directing a second transmitted signal toward said specific one of said plurality of positions and sensing a second tilt angle;

also receiving a second reflected signal from said specific one of said plurality of positions at said distance measuring device;

also determining a second horizontal distance between said at least one of said plurality of points and said specific one of said plurality of positions based on a time of flight of said second transmitted and second reflected signals and said second tilt angle; and

storing said first and second horizontal distances for subsequent calculation of said first and second coordinates.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein said steps of directing, receiving, also directing and also receiving are carried out by means of a laser based ranging instrument.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein said steps of determining and also determining are carried out by means of a programmable field data collector.

30. The method of claim 29 wherein said first and second distances are electronically input to said field data collector by said laser based ranging instrument.

31. The method of claim 29 further comprising the step of:

manually entering a verbal descriptor associated with said selected feature to said field data collector.

32. The method of claim 27 wherein said steps of positioning, directing and also directing are prompted by a display associated with said signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein said first and second coordinates are automatically computed based upon said first and second horizontal distances and displayed on said display.

34. A system for recording relative positional data points of a scene comprising:

a signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device having a tilt angle sensor therein having a neutral horizontal position, said tilt angle sensor producing an electrical signal proportional to an inclination of said device from said neutral horizontal position and a user aiming sight for directing a transmitted signal and sensing a tilt angle of said transmitted signal, said transmitted signal being directed toward each in a series of selected objects at said scene and receiving a reflected signal therefrom, said distance measuring device being capable of determining an object distance and a horizontal distance to each of said series of selected objects based upon a time of flight of said transmitted signals directed to each one of said series of selected objects and reflected signals received from said each one of said series of selected objects and their respective tilt angles; and

a data recorder associated with said distance measuring device having a data input section for actuation by said user and a display viewable by said user, said data recorder being coupled to said distance measuring device to store data indicative of a plurality of said object distances to each of said selected objects from said distance measuring device and respective tilt angles, said data recorder displaying selected ones of said distances on said display and associating each of said object distances with a user selected identifier input to said data input section.

35. The system of claim 34 wherein said data recorder is programmable to determine an abscissa and ordinate of each of said series of selected objects based upon said object distances.

36. The system of claim 35 wherein said abscissa and ordinate are calculated relative to horizontal distances of each of said series of selected objects to first and second control points.

37. The system of claim 36 wherein coordinates of said first and second control points have been entered by said user on said data input section of said data recorder.

38. The system of claim 34 wherein said distance measuring device is electronically coupled to said data recorder by a data bus.

39. The system of claim 38 wherein said data indicative of said plurality of said object distances is input to said data recorder over said data bus.

40. The system of claim 34 wherein said data indicative of said plurality of said object distances is input to said data recorder through said data input section.

41. A system for recording relative positional data points of a scene comprising:

a signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device having a tilt angle sensor and a user aiming sight for directing a transmitted signal and sensing a tilt angle of said transmitted signal, said transmitted signal being directed toward each in a series of selected objects at said scene and receiving a reflected signal therefrom, said distance measuring device being capable of determining an object distance and a horizontal distance to each of said series of selected objects based upon a time of flight of said transmitted signals directed to each one of said series of selected objects and reflected signals received from said each one of said series of selected objects and their respective tilt angles; and

a data recorder associated with said distance measuring device having a data input section for actuation by said user and a display viewable by said user, wherein said data recorder is programmable to determine an abscissa and ordinate of each of said series of selected objects based upon said object distances, said data recorder being coupled to said distance measuring device to store data indicative of a plurality of said object distances to each of said selected objects from said distance measuring device and respective tilt angles, said data recorder displaying selected ones of said distances on said display and associating each of said object distances with a user selected identifier input to said data input section wherein said abscissa and ordinate are determined relative to a position on a baseline between first and second control points defining said abscissa and a corresponding perpendicular distance to each of said series of selected objects defining said ordinate.

42. The system of claim 41 wherein coordinates of said first control point have been entered by said user on said data input section of said data recorder.

43. A system for recording three dimensional relative positional data points of a scene comprising:

a signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device halving a tilt angle sensor and a user aiming sight for directing a transmitted signal and sensing a tilt angle of said transmitted signal, said tilt angle sensor having a neural horizontal position and producing an electrical signal proportional to an inclination angle of said transmitted signal from said neutral horizontal position, said transmitted signal being directed toward each in a series of selected objects at said scene and receiving a reflected signal therefrom, said distance measuring device being capable of determining an object distance to each of said series of selected objects based upon a time of flight of said transmitted signals directed to each one of said series of selected objects and reflected signals received from said each one of said series of selected objects and calculating horizontal and elevational components of said object distance using said transmitted signal'"'"'s tilt angle; and

a data recorder associated with said device having a data input section for actuation by said user and a display viewable by said user, said data recorder being coupled to said device to store data indicative of a plurality of said object distances to each of said selected objects from said distance measuring device and store data indicative of respective tilt angles and corresponding horizontal and elevational component distances of said object distances, said data recorder displaying selected ones of said distances on said display and associating each of said object distances with a user selected identifier input to said data input section.

44. A method for determining first and second horizontal coordinates and an elevation of a selected feature occupying at least one of a plurality of positions of a scene with respect to first and second control points fixed adjacent said scene, said method comprising the steps of:

initially determining a first horizontal distance between said first and second control points;

positioning a signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device adjacent said selected feature at said at least one of said plurality of positions;

directing a first transmitted signal toward said first control point and sensing a tilt angle of said signal;

receiving a first reflected signal from said first control point at said distance measuring device;

secondly determining a second horizontal distance between said at least one of said plurality of positions and said first control point based on a time of flight of said first transmitted and first reflected signals and said tilt angle of said transmitted signal;

directing a second transmitted signal toward said second control point and sensing a tilt angle of said second transmitted signal;

receiving a second reflected signal from said second control point at said distance measuring device;

thirdly determining a third horizontal distance between said at least one of said plurality of positions and said second control point based on a time of flight of said second transmitted and second reflected signals and said tilt angle of said second transmitted signal;

calculating said elevation of said feature from said first and second transmitted signals and said first and second tilt angles; and

calculating said first and second coordinates.

45. The method of claim 44 wherein said step of initially determining is carried out by the steps of:

additionally positioning said signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device adjacent said first control point;

additionally directing a third transmitted signal toward said second control point;

additionally receiving a third reflected signal from said second control point at said distance measuring device; and

additionally determining said first distance between said first and second control points based on a time of flight of said third transmitted and third reflected signals.

46. The method of claim 44 further comprising the step of:

computing an abscissa and ordinate of said feature with respect to a line through said first and second control points based upon said second and third distances and said tilt angles.

47. The method of claim 44 wherein said steps of directing, receiving, also directing and also receiving are carried out by means of a laser based ranging instrument.

48. The method of claim 47 wherein said steps of secondly and thirdly determining are carried out by means of a programmable field data collector.

49. The method of claim 48 wherein said first, second and third distances are electronically input to said field data collector by said laser based ranging instrument.

50. The method of claim 48 further comprising the step of:

manually entering a verbal descriptor associated with said selected feature to said field data collector.

51. The method of claim 44 wherein said steps of positioning, directing and also directing are prompted by a display associated with said signal transmitting and receiving distance measuring device.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein said first and second coordinates and elevation are automatically computed based upon said first, second and third distances and displayed on said display.