Alertness and drowsiness detection and tracking system

• US 5,813,993 A
• Filed: 04/05/1996
• Issued: 09/29/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 04/05/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Consolidated Research Incorporated
• Original Assignee: Consolidated Research Incorporated
• Inventors: Kaplan, Richard Frederic, Loparo, Kenneth Alan
• Primary Examiner(s): Lacyk, John P.
• Assistant Examiner(s): HUANG, STEPHEN D
• Application Number:
  US08/628,474
• Time in Patent Office: 907 Days
• Field of Search: 128/731, 128/732, 128/630, 600/26, 600/544, 600/545, 600/300
• US Class Current: 600/544
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/16 Devices for psychotechnics using teaching or educational appliances G09B1/00 - G09B7/00; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/369 Electroencephalography [EEG] devices for psychotechnics A61B5/16
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/4094 Diagnosing or monitoring seizure diseases, e.g. epilepsy
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7203 for noise prevention, reduction or removal
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7257 using Fourier transforms

Abstract

A drowsiness detection system constructed according to the invention provides improved performance by preserving and analyzing newly discovered information contained in rhythmic signal components above 30 Hz which the prior art has universally ignored or discarded as "noise." In the first and second embodiments of the invention, one or more analog EEG signals are collected from a subject, appropriately filtered, converted into digital form, and subjected to frequency analysis. Selected signal components from the frequencies above 30 Hz (such as the frequency range 80-420 Hz), which have a high correlation with subject drowsiness, are isolated, and their amplitude, energy, or power contribution to the EEG signal is used to produce a continuous output measure reflecting the subject'"'"'s alertness or drowsiness. The output measure may be compared with a threshold to provide an indication of whether the subject is excessively drowsy. In a third embodiment, the analog EEG signal is supplied to a plurality of analog signal processing channels corresponding to respective predefined frequency ranges. Selected signal components in frequencies above 30 Hz are isolated (in a manner analogous to that of the first and second embodiments), and their amplitude, energy, or power contribution to the EEG signal is used to produce a continuous output measure reflecting the subject'"'"'s alertness or drowsiness.

Claims

1. A system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia comprising:

means for acquiring a brain-wave signal having rhythmic components from the subject;

means for selecting components of said brain-wave signal lying in a predetermined range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

means responsive to said selecting means for determining a contribution to said brain-wave signal due to said components lying in said range; and

means responsive to said contribution-determining means for producing an output-measure signal indicative of said state of the subject.

2. A system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia comprising:

means for acquiring a brain-wave signal having rhythmic components from the subject;

means for defining a range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

means for analyzing frequency content of said acquired brain-wave signal responsive to said defined range of frequencies for defining a plurality of frequencies or frequency bands within said range, and for determining for each of said defined frequencies or frequency bands a contribution due to a component of said acquired brain-wave signal at such frequency or within such frequency band; and

output-measure-determining means responsive to said frequency analysis means for producing an output signal indicative of said state of the subject.

3. A system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia comprising:

means for acquiring a brain-wave signal having rhythmic components from the subject;

means for defining a range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

means for analyzing frequency content of said acquired brain-wave signal responsive to said defined range of frequencies for defining a plurality of frequencies or frequency bands within said range, and for determining for each of said defined frequencies or frequency bands an amplitude or distribution of amplitudes corresponding to a component or components of said acquired brain-wave signal at such frequency or within such frequency band;

power determination means for determining for each of said defined frequencies the power contained in said corresponding component or for each of said defined frequency bands the distribution of power contained in said corresponding components; and

spectral-grouping means for defining a limited number of spectral groups, each of said spectral groups defining a subrange of said range and including at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands;

group-energy-determining means responsive to said power determination means and said spectral-grouping means for determining for each of said spectral groups an aggregate energy represented in a plurality of said components corresponding to the defined frequencies or frequency bands included in such group; and

output-measure-determining means responsive to said group-energy-determining means for producing an output signal indicative of said state of the subject.

4. A system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia comprising:

means for acquiring a brain-wave signal having rhythmic components from the subject;

anti-aliasing filter means for substantially removing from said brain-wave signal components outside a first predefined frequency range;

means responsive to said brain-wave signal-acquiring means for converting said brain-wave signal into a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete times;

means for selecting for analysis a limited number of said data elements;

means for defining a second range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

means for analyzing frequency content of said acquired brain-wave signal, said means being operative to define a plurality of frequencies or frequency bands within said second range, and said means also being responsive thereto and to said selected data elements to determine for each such defined frequency or frequency bands an amplitude or distribution of amplitudes of a component or components of said acquired brain-wave signal at that frequency or within that frequency band;

power determination means for determining for each of said defined frequencies the power contained in said corresponding component or for each of said defined frequency bands the distribution of power contained in said corresponding components;

spectral-grouping means for defining a limited number of spectral groups, each of said spectral groups defining a subrange of said second range and including at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands;

group-energy-determining means responsive to said power determination means for determining for each of said spectral groups an aggregate energy represented in a plurality of said components corresponding to the defined frequencies or frequency bands included in such group; and

output-measure-determining means responsive to said group-energy-determining means for producing an output signal indicative of said state of the subject.

5. The system of claim 4 wherein said power-determining means further comprises:

noise-removal means for identifying frequencies or frequency bands at which noise is expected, and for substituting for the power value or power distribution at each such identified frequency or frequency band a power value or power distribution corresponding to a neighboring frequency or frequency band.

6. The system of claim 4, further comprising means for causing said output-measure determination to occur at repeated predefined intervals, and wherein said output-measure-determining means further comprises interpolation means for continuously presenting an output signal representing a current value of said output measure until a next-determined value of said output measure becomes available.

7. A system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia comprising:

means for obtaining a brain-wave signal from the subject;

subject state analysis means responsive to said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject for;

(a) selecting components of said brain-wave signal lying in a first predetermined range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

(b) determining a contribution to said brain-wave signal due to said components lying in said range; and

(c) producing, responsive to at least said determined contribution, an output-measure signal indicative of said state of the subject.

8. The system of claim 7 further comprising threshold means responsive to said output-measure signal for producing a non-continuous-valued output signal indicating that the subject is drowsy.

9. The system of claim 8 wherein said threshold means comprises:

means for determining a threshold value relating to said output-measure signal whereby said threshold value defines a range of output-measure-signal values corresponding to a defined physiological state of the subject; and

means for comparing said output-measure signal with said threshold value to produce a non-continuous-valued output signal indicating that the subject is in said defined physiological state.

10. The system of claim 9 wherein said threshold-value-determining means employs a preselected threshold value believed to be generally applicable to human subjects.

11. The system of claim 10 wherein said threshold-value-determining means employs a threshold determined for the subject responsive to a brain-wave signal obtained from the subject while in a known state along said continuum.

12. The system of claim 8 wherein said threshold means comprises:

means for determining a threshold value relating to said output-measure signal whereby said threshold value defines a range of output-measure-signal values indicating that the subject is drowsy; and

means for comparing said output-measure signal with said threshold value to produce a non-continuous-valued output signal indicating that the subject is drowsy.

13. The system of claim 7 further comprising threshold means responsive to said output-measure signal for producing a non-continuous-valued output signal indicating said state of the subject.

14. The system of claim 7 further comprising artifact detection means for determining whether said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject is apparently contaminated by artifact.

15. The system of claim 14 further comprising means responsive to said artifact detection means for eliminating from said output signal an effect of said brain-wave signal obtained when artifact is determined to be present.

16. The system of claim 14 wherein said artifact detection means is responsive to said brain-wave signal acquired from the subject to determine whether said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject is apparently contaminated by artifact.

17. The system of claim 14 wherein said artifact detection means is responsive to information other than said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject to determine whether said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject is apparently contaminated by artifact.

18. The system of claim 7 further comprising means responsive to an output signal of said system to produce a warning indicating that the subject is not fully alert.

19. The system of claim 18 wherein said warning is an audible alarm.

20. The system of claim 18 wherein said warning is a visual display.

21. The system of claim 7 wherein said subject state analysis means comprises:

at least one brain-wave signal-processing channel,

each such brain-wave signal-processing channel being directed to a corresponding range of frequencies and supplying an output representing a contribution to said brain-wave signal obtained from said subject due to components thereof lying substantially within said corresponding range of frequencies; and

means responsive to said outputs supplied by a plurality of such brain-wave signal-processing channels to produce said output-measure signal indicative of said state of the subject.

22. The system of claim 21 wherein each brain-wave signal-processing channel comprises:

frequency selection means responsive to said obtained brain-wave signal for passing substantially exclusively brain-wave signal components within said corresponding range of frequencies; and

energy-determination means responsive to an output of said frequency selection means for determining energy contained in said brain-wave signal components within said corresponding range of frequencies during a predefined time interval.

23. The system of claim 22 wherein each brain-wave signal processing channel further comprises:

means responsive to an output of said energy-determination means for determining an inverse of said energy contained in said brain-wave signal components within said corresponding range of frequencies.

24. The system of claim 23 wherein each brain-wave signal processing channel further comprises:

weighting-function means responsive to an output of said inverse-energy-determining means for applying a predetermined weight to said inverse of said energy.

25. The system of claim 24 wherein said means responsive to said outputs supplied by a plurality of such brain-wave signal-processing channels to produce said output-measure signal comprises a summation means responsive to an output from said weighting function means of each brain-wave signal-processing channel.

26. The system of claim 7 further comprising brain-wave signal acquisition means, said brain-wave signal acquisition means including:

filter means for receiving a representation of said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject, and for substantially attenuating signal components above a predefined cutoff frequency and substantially preserving signals in said range above 30 Hz; and

conversion means responsive to said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject for producing a digital representation of said brain-wave signal.

27. The system of claim 26 wherein said subject state analysis means comprises:

means for analyzing frequency content of said acquired brain-wave signal responsive to said digital representation of said brain-wave signal and said first predefined range of frequencies for defining a plurality of frequencies or frequency bands within said range, and for determining for each of said defined frequencies or frequency bands an amplitude or distribution of amplitudes corresponding to a component or components of said brain-wave signal at such frequency or within such frequency band;

power determination means for determining for each of said defined frequencies a power represented in said corresponding components or for each of said defined frequency bands a power distribution represented in said corresponding components; and

spectral-grouping means for defining a limited number of spectral groups, each of said spectral groups defining a group of frequencies within said first predefined range of frequencies and including at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands;

group-energy-determining means responsive to said power determination means and said spectral-grouping means for determining for each of said spectral groups an aggregate energy represented in a plurality of said components corresponding to the defined frequencies or frequency bands included in such spectral group; and

output-measure-determining means responsive to said group-energydetermining means for producing said output-measure signal indicative of said state of the subject.

28. The system of claim 27 wherein said brain-wave signal acquisition means includes a first digital control and processing means and said subject state analysis means includes a second digital control and processing means.

29. The system of claim 27 wherein said system includes a digital control and processing means operatively connected to said brain-wave signal acquisition means and to said subject state analysis means, whereby said digital control and processing means performs at least some processing functions for each of said brain-wave signal acquisition means and said subject state analysis means.

30. The system of claim 7 further comprising brain-wave signal acquisition means, said brain-wave signal acquisition means including:

filter means for receiving a representation of said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject, and for substantially attenuating signal components outside a second predefined frequency range and substantially preserving signals in said range above 30 Hz; and

conversion means responsive to said brain-wave signal obtained from said subject for converting said brain-wave signal into a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete times.

31. The system of claim 30 wherein said subject state analysis means further comprises:

means for selecting for analysis a limited number of said data elements;

means for analyzing frequency content of said acquired brain-wave signal, said means being operative to define a plurality of frequencies or frequency bands within said first predefined range, said means also being responsive thereto and to said selected data elements to determine for each such defined frequency or frequency band an amplitude or distribution of amplitudes corresponding to a component or components of said acquired brain-wave signal at that frequency or within that frequency band;

power determination means for determining for each of said defined frequencies a power represented in said corresponding component or for each of said defined frequency bands a distribution of power represented in said corresponding components;

spectral-grouping means for defining a limited number of spectral groups, each of said spectral groups defining a group of frequencies within said first predefined range and including at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands;

group-energy-determining means responsive to said power determination means and said spectral-grouping means for determining for each of said spectral groups an aggregate energy represented in a plurality of said components corresponding to the defined frequencies or frequency bands included in such spectral group; and

output-measure-determining means responsive to said group-energydetermining means for producing an output signal indicative of said state of the subject.

32. A system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia comprising:

means for obtaining a brain-wave signal having rhythmic components from the subject over at least a first predetermined range of frequencies including a second predefined range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

brain-wave signal acquisition means including;

(a) filter means for receiving a representation of said brain-wave signal obtained from said subject, and for substantially attenuating signal components outside a third predefined frequency range and substantially preserving signals within said second predefined subrange; and

(b) conversion means responsive to a representation of said brain-wave signal obtained from the subject for producing a digital representation of said brain-wave signal; and

subject state analysis means responsive to said digital representation of said brain-wave signal for;

(a) selecting components of said brain-wave signal lying in said first predetermined range of frequencies including said second predefined range;

(b) determining a contribution to said brain-wave signal due to said components lying in said second predefined range; and

(c) producing, responsive to at least said determined contribution, an output-measure signal indicative of said state of the subject.

33. The system of claim 32 wherein said subject state analysis means comprises:

means for analyzing frequency content of said acquired brain-wave signal responsive to said first predefined range of frequencies for defining a plurality of frequencies or frequency bands within said range, and for determining for each of said defined frequencies or frequency bands an amplitude or distribution of amplitudes corresponding to said component or components of said acquired brain-wave signal at such frequency or within such frequency band;

power determination means for determining for each of said defined frequencies a power represented in said corresponding components or for each of said defined frequency bands a distribution of power represented in said corresponding components; and

spectral-grouping means for defining a limited number of spectral groups, each of said spectral groups defining a group of frequencies within said first predefined range and including at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands;

group-energy-determining means responsive to said power determination means and said spectral-grouping means for determining for each of said spectral groups an aggregate energy represented in a plurality of said components corresponding to the frequencies or frequency bands included in such spectral group; and

output-measure-determining means responsive to said group-energy-determining means for producing said output-measure signal indicative of said state of the subject.

34. The system of claim 33 wherein said brain-wave signal acquisition means includes a first digital control and processing means and said subject state analysis means includes a second digital control and processing means.

35. The system of claim 33 wherein said system includes a digital control and processing means operatively connected to said brain-wave signal acquisition means and to said subject state analysis means, whereby said digital control and processing means performs at least some processing functions for each of said brain-wave signal acquisition means and said subject state analysis means.

36. The system of claim 32 wherein said conversion means converts said brain-wave signal into a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete times.

37. The system of claim 36 wherein said subject state analysis means further comprises:

means for selecting for analysis a limited number of said data elements;

means for analyzing frequency content of said acquired brain-wave signal, said means being operative to define a plurality of frequencies or frequency bands within said first predefined range, and said means also being responsive thereto and to said selected data elements to determine for each such defined frequency or frequency band an amplitude or distribution of amplitudes corresponding to a component or components of said acquired brain-wave signal at such frequency or within such frequency band;

power determination means for determining for each of said frequencies the power represented in said corresponding component or for each of said frequency bands the distribution of power represented in said corresponding components;

spectral-grouping means for defining a limited number of spectral groups, each of said spectral groups defining a group of frequencies within said first predefined range and including at least one of said frequencies or frequency bands;

group-energy-determining means responsive to said power determination means and said spectral-grouping means for determining for each of said spectral groups an aggregate energy represented in a plurality of said components corresponding to the frequencies or frequency bands included in such spectral group; and

output-measure-determining means responsive to said group-energy-determining means for producing an output signal indicative of said state of the subject.

38. For use with a system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia, said system having means for obtaining a brain-wave signal including rhythmic components from the subject, and conversion means responsive to said brain-wave signal for converting the subject'"'"'s brain-wave signal into a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete time intervals, and producing therefrom an output-measure signal indicating said state of the subject;

the method of determining a threshold value which defines a range of output-measure signal values indicating that the subject is not fully alert, comprising the steps of;

(a) obtaining a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal of the subject over a period of time, said signal including rhythmic components;

(b) selecting a threshold-determination segment of said digital data elements obtained in step (a) corresponding to a period during which the subject is in a state of wakefulness;

(c) determining a value of said output-measure signal at each of said plurality of discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment;

(d) determining, for each of said plurality of discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment, whether said output-measure signal is contaminated by artifact during said discrete time interval;

(e) discarding from said output-measure-signal values substantially all output-measure-signal values corresponding to said discrete time intervals during which said output-measure-signal value is contaminated by artifact;

(f) determining a known-state baseline output-measure value for the subject as a combined value of substantially all undiscarded output-measure-signal values corresponding to said discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment; and

(g) multiplying said known-state baseline output-measure value for the subject by a predetermined threshold factor to obtain a drowsiness-output-measure threshold value for the subject.

39. For use with a system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia, said system having means for obtaining a brain-wave signal including rhythmic components from the subject, and conversion means responsive to said brain-wave signal for converting said brain-wave signal into a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete time intervals, and producing therefrom an output-measure signal indicating said state of the subject;

the method of determining a threshold value which defines a range of output-measure-signal values corresponding to a selected physiological state of the subject, comprising the steps of;

(a) obtaining a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal of the subject over a period of time, said signal including rhythmic components;

(b) selecting a threshold-determination segment of said digital data elements obtained in step (a) corresponding to a period during which the subject is in a known state along said continuum;

(c) determining a value of said output-measure signal at each of said plurality of discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment;

(d) determining, for each of said plurality of discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment, whether said output-measure signal is contaminated by artifact during said discrete time interval;

(e) discarding from said output-measure-signal values substantially all output-measure-signal values corresponding to said discrete time intervals during which said output-measure-signal value is contaminated by artifact;

(f) determining a known-state baseline output-measure value for the subject as a combined value of substantially all undiscarded output-measure-signal values corresponding to said discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment;

(g) multiplying said known-state baseline output-measure value for the subject by a predetermined threshold factor to obtain an output-measure threshold value for the subject corresponding to said selected physiological state.

40. For use in analyzing brain-wave signal information acquired from a human subject, said brain-wave signal information being presented as a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of the subject'"'"'s brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete time intervals, and producing therefrom an output-measure signal indicating the subject'"'"'s state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia;

the method of determining a threshold value which defines a range of output-measure-signal values indicating that the subject is not fully alert, comprising the steps of;

(a) obtaining a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of a brain-wave signal of the subject over a period of time, said signal including rhythmic components;

(b) selecting a threshold-determination segment of said digital data elements obtained in step (a) corresponding to a period during which the subject is in a state of wakefulness;

(c) determining a value of said output-measure signal at each of said plurality of discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment;

(d) determining, for each of said plurality of discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment, whether said output-measure signal is contaminated by artifact during said discrete time interval;

(e) discarding from said output-measure-signal values substantially all output-measure-signal values corresponding to said discrete time intervals during which said output-measure-signal value is contaminated by artifact;

(f) determining a known-state baseline output-measure value for the subject as a combined value of substantially all undiscarded output-measure-signal values corresponding to said discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment; and

(g) multiplying said known-state baseline output-measure value for the subject by a predetermined threshold factor to obtain a drowsiness output-measure threshold value for the subject.

41. For use in analyzing brain-wave signal information acquired from a human subject, said brain-wave signal information being presented as a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of the subject'"'"'s brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete time intervals, and producing therefrom an output-measure signal indicating the subject'"'"'s state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia;

the method of determining a threshold value which defines a range of output-measure-signal values corresponding to a selected physiological state of the subject, comprising the steps of;

(a) obtaining a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of a brain-wave signal of the subject over a period of time, said signal including rhythmic components;

(b) selecting a threshold-determination segment of said digital data elements obtained in step (a) corresponding to a period during which the subject is in a known state along said continuum;

(c) determining a value of said output-measure signal at each of said plurality of discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment;

(d) determining, for each of said plurality of discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment, whether said output-measure signal is contaminated by artifact during said discrete time interval;

(e) discarding from said output-measure-signal values substantially all output-measure-signal values corresponding to said discrete time intervals during which said output-measure-signal value is contaminated by artifact;

(f) determining a known-state baseline output-measure value for the subject as a combined value of substantially all undiscarded output-measure-signal values corresponding to said discrete time intervals represented in said threshold-determination segment;

(g) multiplying said known-state baseline output-measure value for the subject by a predetermined threshold factor to obtain an output-measure threshold value for the subject corresponding to said selected physiological state.

42. For use with a system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia, said system having means for obtaining a brain-wave signal including rhythmic components from the subject, and conversion means responsive to said brain-wave signal for converting said brain-wave signal into a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete time intervals, and producing therefrom an output-measure signal indicating said state of the subject;

the method of detecting whether said brain-wave signal is contaminated by artifact during a selected time period, comprising the steps of;

(a) obtaining an artifact determination segment of data comprising a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of selected rhythmic components of said brain-wave signal of the subject over a period of time, said signal including rhythmic components;

(b) selecting in turn for further processing a plurality of data windows, each comprising a subset of said artifact determination segment corresponding to an adjacent predefined window interval within said period of time;

(c) rejecting as saturated and in its entirety any data window containing a digital data element having at least one value equal to the maximum value which may be produced by said conversion means;

(d) analyzing frequency content of said brain-wave signal using said data elements of said data window, thereby determining for each of a plurality of defined frequencies or frequency bands an amplitude or distribution of amplitudes corresponding to a component or components of said brain-wave signal at such defined frequency or within such frequency band;

(e) determining for each of said defined frequencies power represented in said corresponding components or for each of said defined frequency bands a distribution of power represented in said corresponding components;

(f) defining at least one spectral group, each of said spectral groups comprising a group of frequencies which may be present in said brain-wave signal and including at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands;

(g) determining for each of said spectral groups an aggregate energy represented in a plurality of said components corresponding to the frequencies included in such group;

(h) determining a combined value of said aggregate energy present in a plurality of said spectral groups over a plurality of said data windows in said artifact determination segment;

(i) multiplying said combined value of said aggregate energy by a predetermined artifact threshold factor to produce an artifact threshold value; and

(j) comparing said aggregate energy for each data window to said artifact threshold value, and identifying as contaminated by artifact each window interval in which the corresponding aggregate energy exceeds said artifact threshold value.

43. The method of claim 42 further comprising the step of:

(k) inhibiting use of said output-measure signal corresponding to each window interval identified as contaminated by artifact in step (j).

44. The method of claim 42 further comprising the step of:

(k) further identifying as contaminated by artifact each window interval in which said corresponding data window was rejected in step (c).

45. The method of claim 42 further comprising the steps of:

(k) receiving at least one additional signal, other than said brain-wave signal, providing information concerning whether said brain-wave signal is contaminated by artifact; and

(l) further identifying as contaminated by artifact each window interval in which said additional signal indicates said brain-wave signal is contaminated by artifact.

46. For use in analyzing brain-wave signal information acquired from a human subject, said brain-wave signal information being presented as a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of the subject'"'"'s brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete time intervals, said digital data elements being derived from said brain-wave signal through a conversion process, and producing therefrom an output-measure signal indicating the subject'"'"'s state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia;

the method of detecting whether said brain-wave signal data corresponding to a selected time period is contaminated by artifact, comprising the steps of;

(a) obtaining an artifact determination segment of data comprising a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal of the subject over a period of time, said signal including rhythmic components;

(b) selecting in turn for further processing a plurality of data windows, each comprising a subset of said artifact determination segment corresponding to an adjacent predefined window interval within said period of time;

(c) rejecting as saturated and in its entirety any data window containing a digital data element having at least one value equal to a maximum value which may be produced in said conversion process;

(d) analyzing frequency content of said brain-wave signal using said data elements of said data window, thereby determining for each of a plurality of defined frequencies or frequency bands an amplitude or distribution of amplitudes corresponding to a component or components of said brain-wave signal at such defined frequency or within such frequency band;

(e) determining for each of said defined frequencies power represented in said corresponding components or for each of said defined frequency bands a distribution of power represented in said corresponding components;

(f) defining at least one spectral group, each of said spectral groups comprising a group of frequencies which may be present in said brain-wave signal and including at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands;

(g) determining for each of said spectral groups an aggregate energy represented in a plurality of said components corresponding to the frequencies included in such group;

(h) determining a combined value of said aggregate energy present in a plurality of said spectral groups over a plurality of said data windows in said artifact determination segment;

(i) multiplying said combined value of said aggregate energy by a predetermined artifact threshold factor to produce an artifact threshold value; and

(j) comparing said aggregate energy for each data window to said artifact threshold value, and identifying as contaminated by artifact each window interval in which the corresponding aggregate energy exceeds said artifact threshold value.

47. For use with a system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia, said system having means for obtaining a brain-wave signal including rhythmic components from the subject, and conversion means responsive to said brain-wave signal for converting said brain-wave signal into a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete time intervals, and producing therefrom an output-measure signal indicating said state of the subject;

the method of producing said output-measure signal, comprising the steps of;

(a) obtaining selected rhythmic components of said brain-wave signal from the subject, said signal including rhythmic components;

(b) defining at least one range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

(c) for each such defined range, determining a contribution to said brain-wave signal due to components of said signal at frequencies lying within that defined range; and

(d) determining said output-measure signal responsive to said contributions to said brain-wave signal determined for a plurality of said defined ranges in combination.

48. The method of claim 47 wherein step (b) further comprises the step of defining at least one range including frequencies above 30 Hz.

49. The method of claim 47 wherein step (a) further comprises the steps of:

(a1) acquiring said brain-wave signal as an electrical signal;

(a2) amplifying said electrical signal;

(a3) filtering said electrical signal such that signal components outside a second predefined frequency range are substantially attenuated and signals in each of said defined ranges are substantially preserved.

50. The method of claim 47 wherein step (a) further comprises the steps of:

(a1) acquiring said brain-wave signal as an electrical signal;

(a2) converting said electrical brain-wave signal into a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete times.

51. The method of claim 47 wherein step (c) further comprises the steps of:

(c1) defining a plurality of data windows, each comprising a subset of said digital data elements corresponding to a predefined window interval;

(c2) selecting each of said windows in turn for further processing;

(c2) applying a windowing function to adjust values of said digital data elements of said selected window;

(c3) analyzing frequency content of said brain-wave signal using said digital data elements of said selected window, thereby determining for each of a plurality of defined frequencies or frequency bands an amplitude or amplitude distribution corresponding to a component or components of said brain-wave signal at such frequency or within such frequency band;

(c4) for each of said plurality of said defined frequencies or frequency bands determining the power or distribution of power contributed by said corresponding component or components of said brain-wave signal;

(c5) defining at least one spectral bin and assigning to each of said defined spectral bins at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands;

(c6) for each of said spectral bins, determining a total energy contributed by said components of said EEG signal corresponding to a plurality of said defined frequencies or frequency bands assigned to such spectral bin.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein step (c4) further comprises the steps of:

(c4i) defining at least one of said defined frequencies or frequency bands as an undesired frequency or frequency band; and

(c4ii) for each of said undesired frequencies or frequency bands, whenever further processing would require use of said determined contribution due to a component or components corresponding to such frequency or frequency band, substituting therefor a value derived from said determined contribution due to a component or components corresponding to at least one nearby frequency or frequency band.

53. The method of claim 51 wherein:

step (a) further comprises the step of (a1) applying an anti-aliasing filter to said brain-wave signal obtained from said subject; and

step (c4) further comprises the step of (c4i) adjusting said determined contribution to compensate for an effect of said filtering step in at least one of said subranges.

54. The method of claim 47 wherein step (d) further comprises the steps of:

(d1) for each such defined range, determining an inverse of energy contained in said brain-wave signal by signal components corresponding to frequencies within that defined range; and

(d2) for each such defined range, applying a respective predefined weight to said corresponding inverse-energy value; and

(d3) determining a value for said output-measure signal by arithmetically combining said weighted inverse-energy values of a plurality of said defined ranges.

55. For use in analyzing brain-wave signal information acquired from a human subject, said brain-wave signal information being presented as a sequential plurality of digital data elements representing amplitude of said subject'"'"'s brain-wave signal at a corresponding plurality of discrete time intervals, said signal including rhythmic components, said digital data elements being derived from said brain-wave signal through a conversion process, and producing therefrom an output-measure signal indicating the subject'"'"'s state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia;

the method of producing said output-measure signal, comprising the steps of;

(a) analyzing frequency content of said brain-wave signal including rhythmic components using said digital data elements, thereby determining for each of a plurality of defined frequencies or frequency bands an amplitude or amplitude distribution corresponding to a component or components of said brain-wave signal at such frequency or within such frequency band;

(b) defining at least one range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

(c) for each such defined range, determining a contribution to said brain-wave signal due to components of said signal at frequencies lying within that defined range; and

(d) determining said output-measure signal responsive to said contributions to said brain-wave signal determined for a plurality of said defined ranges in combination.

56. The method of claim 55 wherein step (b) further comprises the step of defining at least one range including frequencies above 30 Hz.

57. A system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia comprising:

means for acquiring an electrical brain-wave signal including rhythmic components from the subject;

at least one signal-processing channel means;

each such signal-processing channel means being associated with a respective predefined range of frequencies;

at least one of said signal-processing channel means being associated with a range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz;

each such signal-processing channel means having;

means for receiving said acquired brain-wave signal;

means for substantially limiting response of said signal-processing channel to its associated predefined range of frequencies; and

means for determining a contribution to said brain-wave signal due to components thereof lying within said associated predefined range of frequencies;

and means for receiving from a plurality of such signal-processing channel means respective signals representing said determined contributions and for responsively determining an output-measure signal indicative of said state of the subject.

58. The system of claim 57 wherein said means for substantially limiting response of said signal-processing channel comprises a band-pass filter.

59. The system of claim 57 wherein each such signal-processing channel means further comprises:

means for determining power contributed to said brain-wave signal due to components lying within said associated predefined range of frequencies.

60. The system of claim 59 wherein each such signal-processing channel means further comprises:

means responsive to said power-determining means for determining energy contributed to said brain-wave signal over a predefined time interval due to components lying within said associated predefined range of frequencies.

means responsive to said energy-determining means for determining an inverse value of said energy contribution; and

weighting means responsive to said inverse-value-determining means for applying a weighting function to said determined inverse value.

61. The system of claim 60 wherein said energy-determining means comprises an integrator.

62. The system of claim 60 wherein said weighting means comprises means for establishing a weighting parameter, means for receiving a signal representing said inverse-energy value, and multiplier means for multiplying said signal by said inverse-energy value.

63. The system of claim 57 wherein each such signal-processing channel means further comprises:

means for determining energy contributed to said brain-wave signal over a predefined time interval due to components lying within said associated predefined range of frequencies.

64. The system of claim 57 wherein said output-measure-determining means comprises a summer.

65. A system adapted to measure in a human subject a state along a continuum relating to alertness, drowsiness, sleep, unconsciousness, or anesthesia comprising:

means for acquiring a brain-wave signal including rhythmic components from the subject;

means for selecting components of said brain-wave signal lying in a predetermined range of frequencies including frequencies above 30 Hz; and

means responsive to components of said signal corresponding to frequencies lying in said range for producing an output-measure signal indicative of said state of the subject;

said means for producing said output-measure signal being adapted to modify its response when artifact is present in said brain-wave signal.

66. The system of claim 65 wherein:

said means for producing said output-measure signal causes said output-measure signal to change in a first direction when said state of the subject approaches alertness; and

said means for producing said output-measure signal causes said output-measure signal to change in said first direction responsive to presence of artifact in said brain-wave signal.

67. The system of claim 65 wherein:

said means for producing said output-measure signal causes said output-measure signal to change in a first direction when said state of the subject deviates from alertness; and

said means for producing said output-measure signal to change in a direction opposite from said first direction responsive to presence of artifact in said brain-wave signal.