Interferometric moving vehicle imaging apparatus and method

• US 5,818,383 A
• Filed: 10/28/1994
• Issued: 10/06/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 11/27/1981
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Westinghouse Norden Systems Inc (Northrop Grumman Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Northrop Grumman Corporation
• Inventors: Held, Daniel N., Guarino, Robert A., Holt, Hugh D. Jr., Stockburger, Edward F.
• Primary Examiner(s): Blum, Theodore M.
• Application Number:
  US08/331,076
• Time in Patent Office: 1,439 Days
• Field of Search: 342/104, 342/107, 342/108, 342/109, 342/156, 342/161, 342/179
• US Class Current: 342/109
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/5242 with means for platform motion or scan motion compensation, e.g. airborne MTI
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/5244 Adaptive clutter cancellation specially adapted for airborne MTI, G01S13/5242
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/582 adapted for simultaneous range and velocity measurements
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/72 for two-dimensional tracking, e.g. combination of angle and range tracking, track-while-scan radar
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/9029 specially adapted for moving target detection within a single SAR image or within multiple SAR images taken at the same time
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/9092 combined with monopulse techniques
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 3/46 using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/2813 Means providing a modification of the radiation pattern for cancelling noise, clutter or interfering signals, e.g. side lobe suppression, side lobe blanking, null-steering arrays specially adapted to secondary radar systems G01S13/762; aerials or aerials systems H01Q21/29, H01Q25/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/2883 using FFT processing
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/2886 using I/Q processing
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/4004 of parts of a radar system
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/415 Identification of targets based on measurements of movement associated with the target

Abstract

An interferometric moving target radar imaging system includes a plurality of simultaneously operating apertures, receivers and processing channels which together coherently process RF return signals to image a moving vehicle. The system corrects for the different phase centers of the apertures and interferometrically combines the return signals from different apertures to attenuate the energy from stationary objects. The true azimuth location of the moving vehicle within main beam clutter spread is then determined which facilitates distinguishing between slow moving and stationary objects to detect the moving objects which are then tracked and imaged in the range doppler domain.

Claims

1. A radar system which transmits a pulsed waveform from a multi-aperture antenna having at least three apertures and receives backscattered energy from stationary and moving objects illuminated by each of the apertures and processes the signals received by each aperture separately to provide a plurality of received signals which are pulse compressed, motion compensated and transformed to the range doppler domain to provide a plurality of compensated received signals which are processed to form images of the stationary and moving objects, the system comprising:

signal processing apparatus responsive to at least one of the plurality of compensated received signals for forming an image of the stationary objects; and

interferometric moving target focusing apparatus which receives and partitions the compensated received signals for at least three of the apertures into temporal subdwell data blocks, and corrects said subdwell data blocks for the differences in the phase centers of their associated apertures, and interferometrically combines the subdwell data blocks to attenuate the return energy associated with stationary objects and provide a first clutter canceled data block and a second clutter canceled data block which are further processed to detect moving objects, by comparing the magnitude and phase angle of the various return signals in said first and second clutter canceled data blocks to detect the moving objects, and combining said first and second clutter canceled data blocks in the range doppler domain to form a range doppler image of the detected moving objects.

2. The radar system of claim 1 wherein said interferometric moving target focusing apparatus comprises:

apparatus responsive to a first aperture subdwell data block and a second aperture subdwell data block which computes a phase angle correction factor φ

_lc.sbsb.i and an amplitude correction factor A_lc indicative of the difference between the data blocks;

apparatus responsive to said second aperture subdwell data block and a third aperture subdwell data block which computes a phase angle correction factor φ

_cr.sbsb.i and an amplitude correction factor A_cr indicative of the difference between the data blocks;

apparatus responsive to said phase angle correction factor φ

_lc.sbsb.i and said amplitude correction factor A_lc for correcting the first aperture subdwell data block such that it is aligned in time with the second aperture subdwell data and for providing first aperture corrected subdwell data block;

apparatus responsive to said phase angle correction factor φ

_cr.sbsb.i and said amplitude correction factor A_cr for correcting said third aperture subdwell data block to align in time with the second aperture subdwell data and for providing a third aperture corrected subdwell data block;

a first summer for computing the difference between said first aperture corrected subdwell data and the second aperture subdwell data and providing said first clutter canceled subdwell data block indicative of the difference;

a second summer for computing the difference between said third aperture corrected subdwell data and said second aperture subdwell data block and providing said second clutter canceled subdwell data block indicative of the difference; and

a detection and validation processor which processes said first and second clutter canceled data blocks to detect the moving objects based upon return signal magnitude and phase angle criteria.

3. The radar system of claim 2 wherein said interferometric moving target focusing apparatus further comprises

apparatus responsive to said first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks for windowing the detected moving objects in each of said subdwell data blocks and for providing windowed range doppler data blocks for each of the detected moving objects;

apparatus which coherently combines the windowed range doppler data blocks for each moving object from said first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks and provides a summed data block for each of the detected moving targets;

apparatus for performing an inverse two dimensional FFT to transform said summed data blocks into the time frequency domain and for providing a transformed data blocks indicative thereof; and

apparatus for motion compensating said transformed data blocks to correct for range walk during the dwell period and for providing range walk compensated data blocks indicative thereof.

4. The radar system of claim 3 wherein said interferometric moving target focusing apparatus further comprises apparatus for performing a two dimensional FFT on said range walk compensated data blocks to transform to the range doppler domain to form said range doppler image.

5. The radar system of claim 3 wherein said interferometric moving target focusing apparatus further comprises

apparatus for combining temporally adjacent range walk compensated data blocks to provide longer dwell times of processed data blocks of radar return data;

and

apparatus for performing a two dimensional FFT on said processed data blocks to transform to the range doppler domain which forms said range doppler image, wherein the doppler resolution of the range doppler image is improved by combining more range walk compensated data blocks for longer dwell times.

6. The radar system of claim 5 wherein said dwell period of time is about 0.1 seconds to about 10 seconds or more and each temporal subdwell is about 0.025 seconds to about 1 second.

7. The radar system of claim 6 wherein said detection and validation processor further comprises detection apparatus which uses a constant false alarm thresholding to detect moving objects.

8. The radar system of claim 5 wherein said radar system is an airborne system which provides images of ground moving vehicles in real-time.

9. The radar system of claim 8 wherein said signal processing apparatus is a synthetic aperture radar system.

10. The radar system of claim 8 wherein said interferometric moving vehicle imaging system includes an azimuth angle vehicle detection apparatus (356) which compares the doppler frequency of the signal return data against a certain detection threshold value which varies as a function of the azimuth location of the moving vehicle associated with the signal return data.

11. The radar system of claim 10 wherein said azimuth angle vehicle detection apparatus comprises

an angle calculation apparatus responsive to said first and second clutter canceled subdwell data signals for computing an azimuth angle value θ

_t and doppler frequency value f_t to each detected vehicle which are then compared against a known doppler frequency versus azimuth angle relationship to determine if the detected moving vehicles are indeed moving.

12. The radar system of claim 11 wherein said apparatus for combining temporally adjacent range walk compensated data blocks also includes a phase compensation apparatus which corrects for residual phase errors to reduce the residual phase errors in said processed data blocks.

13. The radar system of claim 12 wherein said phase compensation apparatus comprises a maximum likelihood phase gradient processing routine.

14. A method of imaging a ground moving vehicle using an airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar system having at least three apertures which each provides a received RF return signal over a certain dwell period to its own dedicated receiver channel which digitizes the received RF signal to provide a received digitized RF signal from each channel, the method comprising the steps of:

A) processing the received digitized RF signal from each aperture by

1) motion compensating each of the received digitized RF signals to correct for aircraft motion during the dwell period and provide motion compensated RF signals;

2) storing each of said motion compensated RF signals during the dwell period to form a plurality of temporal subdwell data blocks of return data each non-overlapping and adjacent in time;

3) performing a two dimensional FFT on the temporal subdwell data blocks from each of the apertures to transform to the range doppler domain and providing transformed temporal subdwell data block indicative thereof;

B) compensating the transformed temporal subdwell data blocks from two of the apertures such that the transformed temporal subdwell data blocks from all three of the apertures have the same phase center;

C) interferometrically combining corresponding transformed temporal subdwell data blocks for a first set of apertures selected from the three apertures to provide a first clutter canceled subdwell data block, wherein interferometrically combining the subdwell data blocks cancels the energy from stationary objects;

D) interferometrically combining corresponding transformed temporal subdwell data blocks for a second set of apertures selected from the three apertures provide a second clutter canceled subdwell data block;

E) processing the first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks to detect moving vehicles;

F) determining the location of the detected moving vehicles;

G) tracking the detected moving vehicles; and

H) imaging the detected moving vehicles and providing a range doppler image of each moving vehicle.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of compensating the transformed temporal subdwell data blocks from two of the apertures includes the steps of

calculating a phase angle correction factor φ

_lc.sbsb.i and an amplitude correction factor A_lc based upon the data from the first set of apertures;

applying the correction factors φ

_lc.sbsb.i and A_lc to the subdwell data blocks from a first aperture of the first set of apertures, to provide a first aperture corrected subdwell data block such that the subdwell data blocks from both apertures of the first set have the same phase center;

calculating a phase angle correction factor φ

_cr.sbsb.i and an amplitude correction factor A_cr based upon the data from the second set of apertures; and

applying the correction factors φ

_cr.sbsb.i and A_cr to the subdwell data blocks from a third aperture of the second set of apertures, to provide a third aperture corrected subdwell data block such that the subdwell data blocks from both apertures of the second set have the same phase center.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of interferometrically combining corresponding transformed temporal subdwells comprises the steps of computing the difference between the first aperture corrected subdwell data block and the second aperture subdwell data block and providing said first clutter canceled subdwell data block indicative of the difference.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of interferometrically combining corresponding transformed temporal subdwells comprises the steps of computing the difference between the third aperture corrected subdwell data block and the second aperture subdwell data block and providing said second clutter canceled subdwell data block indicative of the difference.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the step of processing the first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks to detect moving vehicles comprises the steps of

determining the magnitude of the return signal energy in each range doppler cell for both the first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks;

combining the magnitude values for each corresponding cell location of the first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks to form a summed magnitude detection subdwell data block;

processing the summed magnitude detection subdwell data block information in a constant false alarm detection routine to detect possible moving vehicles based upon magnitude criteria;

processing the first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks to detect possible moving vehicles based upon angle criteria; and

validating the possible detected moving targets detected by magnitude and angle criteria to detect true moving vehicles and provide angular location θ

_t of each true moving vehicles along with a doppler frequency value f_t, amplitude value a_t, and a range value r_t for each true moving vehicle.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein the step of imaging further comprises the steps of:

windowing the true moving objects in each both the first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks and providing windowed range doppler data blocks for each of the true moving objects;

coherently combining the windowed range doppler data blocks for each true moving object from the first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks and providing a summed data block for each of the true moving vehicles;

performing an inverse two dimensional FFT to transform said summed data blocks into the time frequency domain and for providing transformed data blocks indicative thereof; and

motion compensating said transformed data blocks to correct for range walk and providing range walk compensated data blocks indicative thereof.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein the step of imaging further comprises the steps of:

combining temporally adjacent range walk compensated data blocks to provide longer dwell times of processed data blocks of radar return data; and

performing a two dimensional FFT on said processed data blocks to transform to the range doppler domain which forms said range doppler image, wherein the doppler resolution of the range doppler image is improved by combining more range walk compensated data blocks for longer dwell times.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein following the step of combining temporally adjacent range walk compensated data blocks to provide the processed data blocks, the step of imaging further comprises a step of phase compensating the data in the processed data blocks to reduce residual phase error prior to the step of performing a two dimensional FFT.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of phase compensating includes the step of applying a maximum likelihood phase gradient algorithm processing routine to reduce the residual phase error.

23. The method of claim 20 wherein the steps of the present invention are performed in real-time to provide real-time imagery of the true moving objects.

24. An interferometric ground moving vehicle imaging radar system which transmits a pulsed waveform from an antenna having at least three apertures and receives backscattered energy from stationary and moving objects at each of the apertures and processes the signals received by each aperture separately to provide a plurality of received signals which are motion compensated and transformed to the range doppler domain to provide a plurality of compensated received signals which are processed to form images of moving vehicles, the system comprising:

means responsive to each of the motion compensated signals for interferometrically attenuating the energy associated with the stationary objects to provide two clutter canceled signals with improved moving vehicle signal to noise ratio;

means responsive to said two clutter canceled signals for detecting and locating moving vehicles;

means for determining the azimuth location for each detected vehicle based upon the interferometric phase of the return signals;

means for tracking the detected moving vehicles and for providing track file information indicative of the moving vehicles movement;

means for coherently combining said clutter canceled signals to provide a coherent sum;

means for correcting the return signals in said coherent sum for range walk of the moving vehicles using said track file information and for providing a range walk corrected coherent sum; and

means for processing said range walk corrected coherent sum to form an image of the moving objects.

25. The interferometric ground moving vehicle imaging radar system of claim 24 wherein said means for processing comprises means for performing a two dimensional FFT on said range walk corrected coherent sum to transform the signal into the range doppler domain to form a range doppler image of the detected moving vehicles.

26. The interferometric ground moving vehicle imaging radar system of claim 24 wherein said means for interferometrically combining comprises

means, responsive to a first motion compensated subdwell data block from the first aperture and a second motion compensated subdwell data block from the second aperture, for computing a phase angle correction factor φ

_lc.sbsb.i and an amplitude correction factor A_lc indicative of the difference between the data blocks;

means responsive to said second motion compensated subdwell data block and a third motion compensated subdwell data block from the third aperture for computing a phase angle correction factor φ

_cr.sbsb.i and an amplitude correction factor A_cr indicative of the difference between the data blocks;

means responsive to said phase angle correction factor φ

_lc.sbsb.i and said amplitude correction factor A_lc for correcting the first motion compensated subdwell data block such that it is aligned in time with the second motion compensated subdwell data block and for providing first aperture corrected subdwell data block;

means responsive to said phase angle correction factor φ

_cr.sbsb.i and said amplitude correction factor A_cr for correcting said third motion compensated subdwell data block to align in time with the second motion compensated subdwell data block and for providing a third aperture corrected subdwell data block;

means for computing the difference between said first aperture corrected subdwell data and said second motion compensated subdwell data block and for providing said first clutter canceled subdwell data block indicative of the difference; and

means for computing the difference between said third aperture corrected subdwell data block and said second motion compensated subdwell data block and for providing said second clutter canceled subdwell data block indicative of the difference.

27. The interferometric ground moving vehicle imaging radar system of claim 24 further comprising

means responsive to said first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks for windowing the detected moving vehicles in each of said subdwell data blocks and for providing windowed range doppler data blocks for each of the detected moving vehicles;

means for coherently combining the windowed range doppler data blocks for each moving vehicle from said first and second clutter canceled subdwell data blocks and for providing a summed data block for each of the detected moving vehicles; and

means for performing an inverse two dimensional FFT to transform said summed data block s into the time frequency domain and for providing transformed data blocks indicative thereof.

28. The interferometric ground moving vehicle imaging radar system of claim 27 wherein said means for processing comprises

means for applying a applying a maximum likelihood phase gradient algorithm processing routine to said transformed data blocks to reduce the residual phase error and for providing a reduced phase error transformed data block;

and

means for performing a two dimensional FFT on said reduced phase error transformed data block to transform the data to the range doppler domain to form the image of the detected moving vehicles.

29. The interferometric ground moving vehicle imaging radar system of claim 28 wherein said means for detecting and locating moving vehicles includes

means for detecting possible moving vehicles using a magnitude detection criteria;

means for detecting possible moving vehicles based upon the objects doppler frequency value as a function of the azimuth angle location of the object with respect to antenna boresite; and

means for validating detected moving vehicles based upon return signal magnitude and phase angle criteria.