Data embedding employing degenerate clusters of data having differences less than noise value

• US 5,819,289 A
• Filed: 05/13/1997
• Issued: 10/06/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 04/02/1996
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Los Alamos National Security LLC (Government of the United States of America)
• Original Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Inventors: Handel, Theodore G., Sanford, Maxwell T. II
• Primary Examiner(s): Lintz, Paul R.
• Application Number:
  US08/855,243
• Time in Patent Office: 511 Days
• Field of Search: 707/104, 707/100, 380/28, 380/3, 382/232
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0081 whereby both original and watermarked images are required at decoder, e.g. destination-based, non-blind, non-oblivious
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32203 Spatial or amplitude domain methods H04N1/32309 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32208 involving changing the magnitude of selected pixels, e.g. overlay of information or super-imposition H04N1/32219, H04N1/32224 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32224 Replacing pixels of an image with other pixels from the same image, e.g. texture block coding
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 19/00 Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 7/08 Systems for the simultaneous or sequential transmission of more than one television signal, e.g. additional information signals, the signals occupying wholly or partially the same frequency band , e.g. by time division H04N7/007 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 707/99945 Object-oriented database structure processing
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 707/99948 Application of database or data structure, e.g. distributed, multimedia, or image

Abstract

A method of embedding auxiliary information into a set of host data, such as a photograph, television signal, facsimile transmission, or identification card. All such host data contain intrinsic noise, allowing pixels in the host data which are nearly identical and which have values differing by less than the noise value to be manipulated and replaced with auxiliary data. As the embedding method does not change the elemental values of the host data, the auxiliary data do not noticeably affect the appearance or interpretation of the host data. By a substantially reverse process, the embedded auxiliary data can be retrieved easily by an authorized user.

Claims

1. A method of embedding auxiliary data into host data comprising the steps of:

creating a digital representation of said host data in the form of elements having numerical values and containing a noise component;

creating a digital representation of said auxiliary data in the form of a sequence of individual bit values;

evaluating said noise component of said digital representation of said host data;

comparing the values of said elements with said noise component to determine degenerate clusters of four or more said elements having numerical values which differ by less than said value of said noise component;

replacing individual values of said elements with equivalent values taken from said degenerate clusters of said elements in order to embed bit values of said auxiliary data corresponding to said sequence of bit values of said auxiliary data; and

outputting said host data with said auxiliary data embedded into said host data as a file.

2. The method as described in claim 1 further comprising the step of combining said auxiliary data with predetermined information indicative of said auxiliary data, its file name, and file size, said step to be performed after the step of digitizing said auxiliary data.

3. The method as described in claim 1 further comprising the step of determining a protocol for embedding said auxiliary data into said host data which allows for verification of said auxiliary data upon construction from said host data.

5. The method as described in claim 1;

wherein said host data comprises a color photograph.

6. The method as described in claim 1;

wherein said host data comprises a black and white photograph.

7. The method as described in claim 1;

wherein said host data comprises a television signal.

8. The method as described in claim 1;

wherein said host data comprises a painting.

9. The method as described in claim 1;

wherein said host data comprises a facsimile transmission.

10. The method as described in claim 1;

wherein said host data comprises an identification card.

11. The method as described in claim 1, wherein said host data comprises digital audio information.

12. The method as described in claim 1, wherein said host data comprises a digital image and said auxiliary data comprises picture elements removed from said host data to form a digital watermark signature.

4. A method of constructing auxiliary data from host data containing a noise component comprising the steps of:

constructing from said host data a bit sequence indicative of said embedded auxiliary data, and which allows for verification of said host data;

interpreting said host data to determine host element degenerate clusters and two or more pairs which differ by less than said noise component and which correspond to bit values of said auxiliary data;

identifying said auxiliary data using said bit sequence; and

constructing said auxiliary data as a file.

13. Apparatus for embedding auxiliary data into host data that can be serialized to a sequence of host-data element values:

input port means receiving said individual host-data element values in an ordered sequence;

key-pair table, key-table, and key-value means receiving said embedding pair candidate values, and retaining said key-pair table, key-table, and key-value for reference purposes;

input port means presenting host-data and auxiliary data values in an ordered sequence;

output port means presenting modified host-data values or constructed auxiliary data values in an ordered sequence.

14. The apparatus as described in claim 13 wherein said input and output port means and said key-pair table means are contained within a chipset.

15. The apparatus as described in claim 13 wherein said key-value table, said input means, and said output means are implemented with discrete components in circuit board circuitry.

16. Apparatus for constructing auxiliary data from a key-pair table, or a key-table embedded into individual frames of host data presented in sequence to said input port:

look-up table means receiving said key-pair table from said input port containing individual host-data values for extracting said key-pair table and outputting a key-pair index corresponding to each of said host-data values from said input port sequence of host data; and

auxiliary data construction means comparing said key-pair table with said input port host-data values and using said key-pair table to construct said auxiliary data from said embedded host-data data and presenting said auxiliary data to said output port.

17. The apparatus as described in claim 16 wherein said look-up table means and said auxiliary data construction means are contained within a chipset.

18. The apparatus as described in claim 16 wherein said look-up table means and said auxiliary data construction means are implemented by discrete components in circuit board circuitry.