Microcapsules and methods for making
First Claim
1. A method of making a multi-layered microcapsule, comprising:
- formulating a first phase comprising a first solvent, a first microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said first phase and immiscible in a second phase, a co-solvent, oil, and water;
formulating said second phase immiscible with said first phase, said second phase comprising a second solvent, a second microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said second phase and immiscible in said first phase, a surface active agent, and a salt;
said surface active agent having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value greater than that of said first microcapsule layer-forming compound;
said second microcapsule layer-forming compound having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value lower than that of said surface active agent;
creating an interface between said first and second phases in a manner that limits fluid shear equal to or less than about 12 dynes/cm2 , andmaintains adsorptive surface characteristics at said interface.
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Abstract
Methods of forming multi-lamellar microcapsules having alternating layers of hydrophilic and hydrophobic immiscible liquid phases have been developed using different polymer/solvent systems. The methods use liquid-liquid diffusion and simultaneous lateral phase separation, controlled by proper timed-sequence exposures of immiscible phases and low shear mixing, to form narrow size distributions of spherical, multilamellar microcapsules. The use of special formulations of solubilized drugs, surfactants, and polymeric co-surfactants in aqueous vehicles which are dispersed in hydrocarbon solvents containing small quantities of oil, low molecular weight co-surfactants and glycerides that are aqueous insoluble enables the formation of unique microcapsules which can carry large amounts of pharmaceuticals in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvent compartments. The liquid microcapsules are quickly formed in a single step and can include a polymeric outer "skin" which protects the microcapsules during physical manipulation or exposure to high shear forces. Water-in-oil and oil-in-water microcapsules have been formed both in 1×g and in microgravity, which contain several types of drugs co-encapsulated within different fluid compartments inside the same microcapsule. Large, spherical multi-lamellar microcapsules have been formed including a cytotoxic drug co-encapsulated with a radiocontrast medium which has advantages for chemoembolization of vascular tumors. In certain cases, crystals of the drug form inside the microcapsules providing zero-order and first order, sustained drug release kinetics.
270 Citations
84 Claims
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1. A method of making a multi-layered microcapsule, comprising:
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formulating a first phase comprising a first solvent, a first microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said first phase and immiscible in a second phase, a co-solvent, oil, and water; formulating said second phase immiscible with said first phase, said second phase comprising a second solvent, a second microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said second phase and immiscible in said first phase, a surface active agent, and a salt; said surface active agent having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value greater than that of said first microcapsule layer-forming compound; said second microcapsule layer-forming compound having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value lower than that of said surface active agent; creating an interface between said first and second phases in a manner that limits fluid shear equal to or less than about 12 dynes/cm2 , and maintains adsorptive surface characteristics at said interface. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42)
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37. A method of making a multi-layered microcapsule, comprising:
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formulating a first phase comprising an organic solvent selected from the group of organic solvents consisting of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, a first microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said first phase selected from the group of polymers consisting of glycerol monosterate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol monolaurate, glycerol dioleate, glycerol distearate, cholesterol, stigmasterol, phytosterol, campesterol, and lecithins, a co-solvent selected from the group of co-solvents consisting of C3 -C8 alcohols, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide, an oil selected from the group of oils consisting of poppy seed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, cotton seed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, canola oil, mineral oil, C20 -C28 paraffinic oil, liquid petrolatum, and water; formulating a second phase immiscible with said first phase, said second phase comprising water, a second microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said second phase selected from the group consisting of polyethyleneglycol, dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, hydrocolloids, and lecithins, a surface active agent selected from the group consisting of sorbitan monooleate treated with ethylene oxide, dextran, polyethylene glycol, C12 -C20 fatty acids, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propyl aminomethyl propanol, quaternary ammonium salts, and a salt selected from the group of salts consisting of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, quaternary ammonium salts, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, and 4-methoxy-4(3-phosphatidyl choline)spiro(1,2-dioxetane-3-g,l-adamantane) disodium salt; said surface active agent having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value greater than that of said first microcapsule layer-forming compound; said second microcapsule layer-forming compound having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value lower than that of said surface active agent; creating an interface between said first and second phases in a manner that limits fluid shear to less than about 12 dynes/cm2 , and maintains adsorptive surface characteristics at said interface. - View Dependent Claims (43)
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44. A multi-layered microcapsule, comprising:
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a first layer comprising a first solvent, a first microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said first layer and immiscible with a second layer, a co-solvent, oil, and water; said second layer immiscible with said first layer, said second layer comprising a second solvent, a second microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said second layer and immiscible with said first layer, a surface active agent, and a salt; said surface active agent having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value greater than that of said first microcapsule layer-forming compound; and
,said second microcapsule layer-forming compound having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value lower than that of said surface active agent. - View Dependent Claims (45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84)
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80. A multi-layered microcapsule, comprising:
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a first layer comprising an organic solvent selected from the group of organic solvents consisting of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, a first microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said first phase selected from the group consisting of glycerol monosterate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol monolaurate, glycerol dioleate, glycerol distearate, cholesterol, stigmasterol, phytosterol, campesterol, and lecithins, a co-solvent selected from the group of co-solvents consisting of C3 -C8 alcohols, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide, oil selected from the group of oils consisting of poppy seed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, cotton seed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, canola oil, mineral oil, a C20 -C38 paraffinic oil, liquid petrolatum, and water; a second layer immiscible with said first layer, said second layer comprising water, a second microcapsule layer-forming compound soluble in said second phase selected from the group consisting of polyethyleneglycol, dextran polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, gelatin, gum tragacanth, carrageenan, Karaya gum, Guar gum, gum arabic, alginates, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxypropyl cellulose, and lecithins, a surface active agent sorbitan monooleate treated with ethylene oxide, dextran, polyethylene glycol, C12 -C20 fatty acids, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propyl aminomethyl propanol, amphoteric salts, and quaternary ammonium salts, and a salt selected from the group of salts consisting of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, quaternary ammonium salts, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, and 4-methoxy-4(3-phosphatidyl choline)spiro(1,2-dioxetane-3-g,l-adamantane) disodium salt; said surface active agent having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value greater than that of said first microcapsule layer-forming compound; and
,said second microcapsule layer-forming compound having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance value lower than that of said surface active agent.
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Specification