Robust real-time wide-area differential GPS navigation

• US 5,828,336 A
• Filed: 03/29/1996
• Issued: 10/27/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 03/29/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Department of Health and Human Services (State of Victoria)
• Original Assignee: United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
• Inventors: Mannucci, Anthony J., Yunck, Thomas P., Bertiger, William I., Muellerschoen, Ronald J., Wu, Sien-Chong, Lichten, Stephen M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Blum, Theodore M.
• Application Number:
  US08/628,566
• Time in Patent Office: 942 Days
• Field of Search: 342/357, 364/449.9, 701/214
• US Class Current: 342/357.31
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/071 DGPS corrections
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/072 Ionosphere corrections
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/074 providing integrity data, e.g. WAAS
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/27 creating, predicting or correcting ephemeris or almanac data within the receiver
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/32 Multimode operation in a single same satellite system, e.g. GPS L1/L2

Abstract

The present invention provides a method and a device for providing superior differential GPS positioning data. The system includes a group of GPS receiving ground stations covering a wide area of the Earth'"'"'s surface. Unlike other differential GPS systems wherein the known position of each ground station is used to geometrically compute an ephemeris for each GPS satellite, the present system utilizes real-time computation of satellite orbits based on GPS data received from fixed ground stations through a Kalman-type filter/smoother whose output adjusts a real-time orbital model. The orbital model produces and outputs orbital corrections allowing satellite ephemerides to be known with considerable greater accuracy than from the GPS system broadcasts. The modeled orbits are propagated ahead in time and differenced with actual pseudorange data to compute clock offsets at rapid intervals to compensate for SA clock dither. The orbital and clock calculations are based on dual frequency GPS data which allow computation of estimated signal delay at each ionospheric point. These delay data are used in real-time to construct and update an ionospheric shell map of total electron content which is output as part of the orbital correction data, thereby allowing single frequency users to estimate ionospheric delay with an accuracy approaching that of dual frequency users.

Claims

1. A method for providing real-time, wide area differential GPS signals to allow users with a GPS receiver to obtain improved GPS positioning, the method of comprising the steps of:

collecting real-time dual frequency GPS signals from a network of stationary receiving stations;

compressing and accumulating the GPS signals so that data received over a predetermined slow time period forms one data point from each receiving station, the data points from the entire network forming a data set;

periodically producing and outputting a slow correction once each slow time period by processing the data sets with a dynamical orbit predictor to produce calculated GPS satellite orbits in a real-time mode so that the processing steps occur in a time period less than the slow time period, the producing and outputting comprising the steps of;

conditioning the data set with updated estimates GPS parameters from processing data sets of previous slow time periods;

using the conditioned data sets to compute model orbital trajectories;

introducing the model orbital trajectories into a dynamical orbit model and computing the dynamical orbit model to incorporate the model orbital trajectories;

using a Kalman filter/smoother to combine the computed dynamical orbit model with previously computed models to produce updated estimates of GPS parameters;

using the updated estimates of GPS parameters to propagate orbits forward in time to a next slow correction;

using the propagated orbits to calculate satellite ephemeris and clock corrections for the next slow correction; and

outputting the next slow correction including satellite and ephemeris clock corrections to the users;

producing and outputting ionospheric maps indicating a magnitude of signal delay in ionospheric regions, producing ionospheric maps comprising the steps of;

weighting each data set according to the elevation angle of each GPS satellite relative to a receiving station receiving the data set;

processing the weighted data sets, predicted satellite and receiver frequency biases, and a previously computed ionospheric delay map using a Kalman filter/smoother and thereby computing a total electron content at a plurality of ionospheric points;

using the computed total electron content to update a Sun-fixed spherical ionospheric delay map; and

outputting grid points of the updated ionospheric delay map to reflect changes in the ionospheric delay map; and

periodically calculating and outputting a fast clock correction over a fast time period, calculating the fast clock correction comprising the steps of;

propagating GPS parameters from the most recent slow correction forward in time to an arrival of the next actual pseudorange data from the ground stations;

calculating predicted pseudoranges using the propagated GPS parameters;

differencing the predicted pseudoranges with the next actual pseudorange data;

accumulating at least one set of differences;

averaging accumulated differences for each satellite; and

outputting the averaged differences to the users as the fast clock corrections for each satellite.

2. The real-time GPS method of claim 1, wherein the step of updating ionospheric delay maps further comprises computing and updating formal error maps showing estimated error of the ionospheric delay maps and wherein outputting grid points further comprises outputting grid points of the updated formal error maps.

3. The real-time GPS method of claim 1, wherein the Sun-fixed spherical ionospheric delay map describes a shell of electron density a fixed distance above Earth surface.

4. The real-time GPS method of claim 1, wherein the step of updating the Sun-fixed ionospheric delay maps employs C² bicubic spline functions to adjust values of adjacent grid points.

5. The real-time GPS method of claim 1, wherein the Sun-fixed spherical ionospheric delay map describes a three-dimensional electron profile with electron density varying with distance above Earth surface.

6. The real-time GPS method of claim 1, wherein the steps of calculating the fast clock correction further comprise the step of projecting the fast clock correction to a midpoint of a next fast time period by using a quadratic predictor selected to fit differences accumulated over an immediately previous fast time period.

7. The real-time GPS method of claim 1, wherein the steps of calculating the fast clock correction comprises the following steps:

propagating GPS parameters from the most recent slow correction forward in time to arrival of next actual pseudorange data from the ground stations;

solving a system of simultaneous equations to give estimated offsets for all receiver and all satellite clocks; and

outputting the estimated offsets to the users as a fast clock corrections for each satellite.

8. The real-time GPS method of claim 1, wherein the GPS signals are compressed and accumulated by carrier-aided smoothing by averaging pseudorange measurements with carrier wave phase measurements over the slow time period to reduce pseudorange noise and derive a precise estimate of phase bias.

9. A device for providing real-time, wide-area differential GPS signals to allow users with a GPS receiver to obtain improved GPS positioning, the device comprising:

a digital computer with memory, execution means, input means and output means; and

a program executing on the digital computer, the program comprising;

means for collecting real-time dual frequency GPS signals from a network of stationary receiving stations;

means for compressing and accumulating the GPS signals so that data received over a predetermined slow time period forms a single data point for each receiving station, the data points from the entire network forming a data set;

means for periodically producing and outputting a slow correction once each slow time period by processing the data sets through a dynamical orbit predictor module to produce calculated GPS satellite orbits in a real-time mode wherein processing occurs in a time period less than one slow time period, the predictor module comprising;

means for conditioning each data set with updated estimates of GPS parameters produced by the predictor module processing data sets from previous slow time periods;

means for computing model orbital trajectories from the conditioned data sets;

means for computing a dynamical orbit model incorporating the model orbital trajectories;

means for processing the dynamical orbit model in a Kalman filter/smoother combining the computed orbit model with previously computed models to produce updated estimates of GPS parameters;

means for using the updated estimates of GPS parameters for propagating the model orbits forward in time to a next slow correction;

means for using the propagated orbits for calculating satellite ephemeris and clock corrections for the next slow correction; and

means for outputting the calculated next slow correction including satellite and ephemeris clock corrections to the users;

means for computing an ionospheric map indicating magnitude of signal delay in ionospheric regions, the means comprising;

means for weighting each data set according to elevation angle of each GPS satellite relative to the receiving station receiving the data set;

means for processing the weighted data sets, predicted satellite and receiver frequency biases, and a previously computed ionospheric delay map using a Kalman filter/smoother for computing total electron content at a plurality of ionospheric points;

means for updating a Sun-fixed spherical ionospheric delay map by using the computed total electron content; and

means for outputting grid points of the updated ionospheric delay map to reflect changes in the ionospheric delay map; and

means for periodically calculating and outputting a fast clock correction over a fast time period which is shorter than the slow time period, the means comprising;

means for propagating GPS parameters from a most recent slow correction forward in time to arrival of actual pseudorange data from the ground stations;

means for calculating predicted pseudoranges using the propagated GPS parameters;

means for differencing the predicted pseudoranges with actual pseudorange data;

means for accumulating at least one set of differences;

means for averaging accumulated differences for each satellite; and

means for outputting the averaged differences to the users as a fast clock correction for each satellite.

10. The device of claim 9, wherein the Sun-fixed spherical ionospheric delay map describes a shell of electron density a fixed distance above Earth surface.

11. The device of claim 9, wherein the means for updating the Sun-fixed ionospheric delay maps employs C² bicubic spline functions to adjust values of adjacent grid points.

12. The device of claim 9, wherein the means for computing ionospheric delay maps further comprises means for computing and updating formal error maps showing estimated error of the ionospheric delay maps and means for outputting grid points further comprises means for outputting grid points of the updated formal error maps.

13. The device of claim 9, wherein the Sun-fixed spherical ionospheric delay map describes a three-dimensional electron profile with electron density varying with distance above Earth surface.

14. The device of claim 9, wherein the means for calculating the fast clock correction further comprises means for projecting the fast clock correction to a midpoint of a next fast time period by using a quadratic predictor selected to fit the differences accumulated over an immediately previous fast time period.

15. The device of claim 9, wherein the means for calculating the fast clock correction further comprises:

means for propagating GPS parameters from a most recent slow correction forward in time to coincide with a next expected arrival of pseudorange data from ground stations;

means for solving a system of simultaneous equations to calculate offsets for receiver and satellite clocks;

means for accumulating at least one set of satellite clock offsets;

means for averaging accumulated clock offsets for each satellite; and

means for outputting the averaged offsets to the users as fast clock corrections for each satellite.

16. A device for providing real-time, wide area differential GPS navigation information comprising:

a digital computer with memory, execution means, input means and output means; and

a program executing on the digital computer, the program comprising;

means for collecting real-time dual frequency GPS signals from a network of stationary receiving stations;

means for accumulating the GPS signals from the network of stationary receiving stations, said signals comprising pseudorange and carrier phase data, and compressing the data so that data received over a predetermined slow time period is reduced to a data point for each receiving station, the data points from the entire network being stored in a data set, said means including means for carrier-aided smoothing by averaging pseudorange measurements with carrier phase measurements over the slow time period;

means for periodically producing and outputting a slow correction once each slow time period by processing the data sets through a dynamical orbit predictor module to produce calculated GPS satellite orbits in a real-time mode wherein processing occurs in a time period less than one slow time period, the predictor module comprising;

means for conditioning each data set with updated estimates of GPS parameters produced by the predictor module processing data sets from previous slow time periods;

means for computing model orbital trajectories from the conditioned data sets;

means for computing a dynamical orbit model incorporating the model orbital trajectories;

means for processing the dynamical orbit model in a Kalman filter/smoother combining the computed orbit model with previously computed models to produce updated estimates of GPS parameters;

means for using the updated estimates of GPS parameters for propagating the model orbits forward in time to a next slow correction;

means for using the propagated orbits for calculating satellite ephemeris and clock corrections for the next slow correction; and

means for outputting the calculated next slow correction including satellite and ephemeris clock corrections to the users;

means for computing an ionospheric map indicating magnitude of signal delay in ionospheric regions; and

means for periodically calculating and outputting a fast clock correction over a fast time period which is shorter than the slow time period, the means comprising;

means for propagating GPS parameters from a most recent slow correction forward in time to arrival of actual pseudorange data from the ground stations;

means for calculating predicted pseudoranges using the propagated GPS parameters;

means for differencing the predicted pseudoranges with actual pseudorange data;

means for accumulating at least one set of differences;

means for averaging accumulated differences for each satellite; and

means for outputting the averaged differences to the users as a fast clock correction for each satellite.