Composite waveguide for solid phase binding assays

• US 5,832,165 A
• Filed: 08/28/1996
• Issued: 11/03/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 08/28/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: University of Utah Research Foundation (State of Utah)
• Original Assignee: University of Utah Research Foundation (State of Utah)
• Inventors: Christensen, Douglas A., Wang, Hsu-Kun, Herron, James N., Reichert, W. Monty
• Primary Examiner(s): Ngo, John
• Application Number:
  US08/705,893
• Time in Patent Office: 797 Days
• Field of Search: 385/12, 385/129-131, 436/2, 436/5, 436/518, 436/317
• US Class Current: 385/130
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/058 Flat flow cell
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/7709 Distributed reagent, e.g. over length of guide
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/7763 Sample through flow
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/7786 Fluorescence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/05 Flow-through cuvettes G01N21/09 takes precedence; handling fluid samples G01N1/10
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/274 Calibration, base line adjustment, drift correction
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/648 using evanescent coupling or surface plasmon coupling for the excitation of fluorescence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/7703 using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides using measurement of total internal reflection or attenuated total reflection G01N21/552; optical fibres or waveguides per se G02B
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/543 with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12038 Glass (SiO2 based materials)
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12107 Grating
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12173 Masking
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12176 Etching
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/34 utilising prism or grating G02B6/293 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 435/808 Optical sensing apparatus
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 436/805 Optical property

Abstract

A step-gradient composite waveguide for evanescent sensing in fluorescent binding assays comprises a thick substrate layer having one or more thin film waveguide channels deposited thereon. In one embodiment, the substrate is silicon dioxide and the thin film is silicon oxynitride. Specific binding molecules having the property of binding with specificity to an analyte are immobilized on the surface of the thin film channels. In preferred embodiments, the composite waveguide further includes light input coupling means integrally adapted to the thin film channels. Such light coupling means can be a grating etched into the substrate prior to deposition of the thin film, or a waveguide coupler affixed to the upper surface of the thin film. The waveguide coupler has a thick input waveguide of high refractive index which receives the laser light through one end and propagates it by total internal reflection. The propagated light is then coupled evanescently into the thin film waveguide across a spacer layer of precise thickness and having an index of refraction lower than either the input waveguide or the thin-film waveguide. The composite waveguide can be constructed by plasma vapor deposition of silicon oxynitride onto the silicon dioxide substrate, masking the channel waveguides with a photoresist, and using reactive ion etching to expose the substrate in the unmasked regions.

Claims

1. A kit for performing specific binding assays with an optical unit including a light source positioned to direct light into an optical substrate and detector oriented to detect light from a region proximal to the optical substrate, which includes:

a biosensor comprising;

a step-gradient waveguide including a substrate formed of a first optical material of refractive index n₁ and having a surface disposed adjacent and in contact with a waveguide film formed of a second optical material having a refractive index n₂ which is greater than n₁, said substrate surface having a grating formed thereon, said grating constructed to facilitate coupling of light from an incident excitation beam into said waveguide film, said step-gradient waveguide being manufactured by a process of manufacture including the steps of;

providing a piece of the first optical material having a surface;

vapor depositing the second optical material on said first optical material surface to a depth of between about 0.1 μ

m and about 10 μ

m to produce said waveguide film;

coating at least one region of said waveguide layer film with a resist compound which resists an etchant to produce a coated region and an uncoated region; and

etching said waveguide film with said etchant to remove said second optical material from said uncoated region; and

at least one specific binding molecule immobilized to said waveguide film and constructed to bind with specificity an analyte.

2. The kit of claim 1, wherein said second optical material is selected from the group consisting of:

silicon oxynitride of refractive index n₂, and deposited silicon dioxide; and

said first optical material is selected from the group consisting of;

deposited silicon dioxide, quartz or fused silica, silicon oxynitride of refractive index n₁, and magnesium fluoride.

3. The kit of claim 1, wherein said waveguide film is configured as a plurality of parallel longitudinal strips of said second optical material spaced from one another along said substrate surface and constituting a plurality of waveguide channels, and further having a plurality of different species of said at least one specific binding molecule immobilized to said waveguide film, with each of said waveguide channels having a different one of said species immobilized thereto.

4. The kit of claim 1, wherein said waveguide film is coated with a coating which provides a level of nonspecific protein binding which is less than about 10% of an amount of said specific binding of said analyte, said coating being selected from the group consisting of:

polymethacryloyl polymer, polyethyleneglycol, and avidin.

5. The kit of claim 1, wherein said second optical material is selected from the group consisting of:

silicon oxynitride of refractive index n₂, and silicon dioxide; and

said first optical material is selected from the group consisting of;

deposited silicon dioxide, quartz or fused silica, silicon oxynitride of refractive index n₁, and magnesium fluoride.

6. The kit of claim 1, in whose manufacture said step of coating at least one region with a resist compound comprises coating a plurality of parallel strips along said first optical material surface with said resist compound, thereby producing a plurality of waveguide channels, and wherein a plurality of different species of said at least one specific binding molecule is immobilized to said waveguide film, with each of said waveguide channels having a different one of said species immobilized thereto.

7. The kit of claim 6, whose manufacture further includes a step of etching a plurality of spaced grooves into said surface of said substrate prior to said step of depositing said waveguide layer second optical material, wherein said grooves are oriented substantially perpendicular to said waveguide channels, and spacing of said grooves is selected to serve as a grating facilitating efficient coupling of light from an incident excitation beam into said parallel strips.

8. The kit of claim 1, wherein said second optical material is silicon oxynitride having an elemental ratio of approximately Si₂ O₃ N.

9. A method of making a waveguide biosensor for performing specific binding assays with an optical unit including a light source positioned to direct light into an optical structure for propagation by total internal reflectance therein and detection means oriented to detect light from a region proximal to the optical structure, said optical structure constructed by the steps of:

providing a substrate comprising a first optical material of refractive index n₁ and having two parallel planar surfaces separated by a thickness and a surrounding edge;

depositing a waveguide layer of a second optical material having a refractive index n₂ on one of said surfaces, said waveguide layer having a thickness which is between about 0.1 μ

m and about 10 μ

m and n₂ being greater than n₁ ;

coating at least one region of said waveguide layer with a resist compound which resists an etchant to produce a coated region and an uncoated region;

etching said waveguide layer with said etchant to remove said second optical material from the uncoated region;

removing the resist compound from the etched waveguide later to expose the coated region; and

immobilizing a plurality of capture molecules to said exposed coated region, said capture molecules being constructed to bind with specificity a selected analyte molecule.

10. The method of claim 9, further including a step of coating said exposed coated region with a coating which provides a level of nonspecific protein binding which is less than about 10% of a amount of said specific binding of said analyte, said coating being selected from the group consisting of:

polymethacryloyl polymer, polyethyleneglycol, and avidin; and

wherein in said step of immobilizing capture molecules, said capture molecules are bound to said coating.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein said second optical material is selected from the group consisting of:

silicon oxynitride of refractive index n₂, and deposited silicon dioxide; and

said first optical material is selected from the group consisting of;

deposited silicon dioxide, quartz or fused silica, silicon oxynitride of refractive index n₁, and magnesium fluoride.

12. A kit for performing specific binding assays with an optical unit including a light source positioned to direct light into an optical substrate and detection means oriented to detect light from a region proximal to the waveguide, which includes:

a biosensor comprising;

a step gradient waveguide including;

a substrate formed of a first optical material of refractive index n₁ and having a surface disposed adjacent and in contact with a waveguide film formed of a second optical material having a refractive index n₂ which is greater than n₁ ; and

a waveguide coupler contactingly disposed on said waveguide film, said waveguide coupler comprising;

an input waveguide formed of an optical material having a refractive index n₃, and having a thickness which is between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm; and

a spacing layer formed of an optical material having a refractive index n₄, wherein n₄ <

n₃ and n₄ <

n₂, and having a thickness selected to optimize evanescent coupling of light from said input waveguide into said waveguide film and

at least one specific binding molecule immobilized to said waveguide film and constructed to bind with specificity an analyte.