Fiber-based ladar transceiver for range/doppler imaging with frequency comb generator

• US 5,835,199 A
• Filed: 05/17/1996
• Issued: 11/10/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 05/17/1996
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies, Inc. (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Coherent Technologies, Inc. (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Inventors: Suni, Paul J. M., Phillips, Mark W., Thomson, J. Alex L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hellner, Mark
• Application Number:
  US08/651,156
• Time in Patent Office: 907 Days
• Field of Search: 356/5.03, 356/5.09, 356/28, 356/28.5
• US Class Current: 356/5.03
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/02 Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves G01S17/66 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/58 Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/89 for mapping or imaging
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/4802 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/4811 common to transmitter and receiver
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/4818 using optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/484 Transmitters

Abstract

The present invention provides a laser radar (ladar) imaging system in which both the range of an object being imaged and the velocity of the object can be measured simultaneously and accurately with superior range resolution and with minimal ambiguity. Use is made of a ladar system based on matched-filter cross-correlation of light pulse waveforms that have multiple, simultaneous frequency components with phase variation and incommensurate spectral frequency spacing between frequency components.

Claims

1. Ladar apparatus, comprising:

a generator of light pulses that have finite duration and temporal waveforms comprising multiple, simultaneous frequency components with varying phase relationships between the frequency components and incommensurate spectral frequency spacing;

a transmitter positioned in the light pulses in a manner that promulgates the light pulses toward a target;

a transmitted waveform detector positioned to receive and record a temporal waveform in the duration of a pulse that is promulgated by the transmitter;

a received waveform detector positioned to receive and record a temporal waveform of a pulse that is reflected by the target;

a matched-filter correlator that modifies a recorded waveform with a sequence of phase shifts that correspond to a sequence of hypothesized target velocities for matched-filters and that performs matched-filter cross-correlations between the modified waveforms and the reflected waveform until a match is found; and

a timer that measures time elapsed between transmission of a pulse and reception of the reflected pulse that matches one of the matched-filters in the cross-correlations.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said generator includes an optical ring circuit comprising a frequency shifter and an amplifier connected together in a continuous feedback loop and a gate switch coupled into the feedback loop through which light in the feedback loop is selectively gated out of the feedback loop.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, including a laser source coupled into the feedback loop for providing a continuous wave single frequency seed light to the feedback loop.

4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said amplifier includes a primary stage doped fiber and a primary stage pump light source coupled into said feedback loop.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, including a power amplifier coupled to said gate switch in such a manner that light from the feedback loop in the optical ring circuit is directed into and amplified by the power amplifier.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said power amplifier includes a secondary stage doped fiber and a secondary stage pump light source coupled into said secondary stage doped fiber.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said secondary stage doped fiber has a larger doped core and smaller numerical aperture than the primary stage doped fiber.

8. The ladar apparatus of claim 1, wherein said generator of light pulses includes a Q-switched fiber laser connected in an optical loop with a narrow band spectral filter, a frequency shifting modulator, and a Q-switch.

9. The ladar apparatus of claim 1, wherein said generator of light pulses includes a source of continuous wave, single frequency light connected optically to a doped fiber amplifier in an optical loop with a frequency shifting modulator, and a light gate connected optically to the transmitter.

10. The ladar apparatus of claim 9, including a narrow band filter in said optical loop.

11. The ladar apparatus of claim 10, wherein said doped filter amplifier is a Q-switched fiber amplifier and said light switch is a Q-switch for said Q-switched fiber amplifier.

12. The ladar apparatus of claim 11, wherein said source of continuous wave, single frequency light is a seed light energy source for said Q-switched fiber amplifier.

13. The ladar apparatus of claim 9, wherein said continuous wave, single frequency light has a first frequency and said ladar apparatus also includes a second source of continuous wave, single frequency pump light of a second frequency, which is different than said first frequency, and which is connected to said doped fiber amplifier.

14. The ladar apparatus of claim 13, wherein said first frequency continuous wave light has a wavelength of about 1532 nm.

15. The ladar apparatus of claim 14, wherein said first frequency has a frequency line width of about 100 kHz.

16. The ladar apparatus of claim 15, wherein said source of said first frequency continuous wave light is a erbium laser.

17. The ladar apparatus of claim 16, wherein said source of said first frequency continuous wave light is a bulk master oscillator erbium laser having a linearly polarized light output.

18. The ladar apparatus of claim 9, wherein said source of continuous wave, single frequency light is a single frequency fiber laser.

19. The ladar apparatus of claim 9, wherein said source of continuous wave, single frequency light is a laser diode.

20. The ladar apparatus of claim 9, wherein said continuous wave, single frequency light is linearly polarized, wherein said optical loop comprises said doped fiber amplifier connected in a continuous optical ring circuit with said frequency shifted modulator by single-mode, polarization-maintaining optical fibers, said source of continuous wave, single frequency light is optically connected to said optical ring circuit by single-mode polarization-maintaining fiber coupled into said optical ring circuit.

21. The ladar apparatus of claim 20, including a pump light source connected optically to said doped fiber amplifier.

22. The ladar apparatus of claim 9, including a phase modulator in said optical loop.

23. The ladar apparatus of claim 22, wherein said phase modulator has a modulation period that is short in comparison to loop transit time of light in the optical loop.

24. The ladar apparatus of claim 9, including a secondary power amplifier connecting light signals gated out of said optical loop by said light gate to said transmitter.

25. The ladar apparatus of claim 24, wherein said secondary power amplifier includes a doped fiber amplifier pumped with light energy from a pump light source.

26. The ladar apparatus of claim 9, wherein said transmitter includes a beam splitter connected optically to said generator of light pulses, to said transmitted waveform detector, and to transmitter lense apparatus.

27. The ladar apparatus of claim 26, wherein said transmitter lense apparatus includes collimator lense apparatus.

28. The ladar apparatus of claim 26, wherein said transmitter lense apparatus includes telescope lense apparatus.

29. The ladar apparatus of claim 26, wherein said beam splitter is a polarized beam splitter and said transmitter includes a one-quarter wave retarder positioned between the beam splitter and the target.

30. The ladar apparatus of claim 26, including an optical switch positioned between said generator of light pulses and said beam splitter.

31. The ladar apparatus of claim 26, wherein said received waveform detector is connected optically to the beam splitter.

32. The ladar apparatus of claim 31, wherein both said transmitted waveform detector and said received waveform detector are provided by an electric circuit that includes a single heterodyne photo detector that is responsive to both the transmitted waveform and the received waveform to produce heterodyned signals of both the transmitted waveform and the received waveform.

33. The ladar apparatus of claim 31, wherein said transmitted waveform detector includes a first heterodyne photo detector and said received waveform detector includes a second heterodyne photo detector.

34. The ladar apparatus of claim 33, including an optical coupler connecting both said first heterodyne photo detector and said second heterodyne photo detector optically to said beam splitter in a manner that propagates less light from the beam splitter to the first heterodyne photo detector than to the second heterodyne photo detector.

35. The ladar apparatus of claim 34, wherein said optical coupler is set to propagate light to said first heterodyne photo detector and to said second heterodyne photo detector in a ratio in a range of about 90:

10 to 99;

1.

36. The ladar apparatus of claim 33, wherein said matched-filter correlator includes digitizer means connected to said first heterodyne photo detector and to said second heterodyne photo detector and to said second heterodyne photo detector to digitize heterodyned signals of the temporal waveform in the pulse that is transmitted and of the temporal waveform of the pulse that is reflected by the target.

37. The ladar apparatus of claim 36, wherein the matched-filer correlator includes a computer connected to said digitizer means and programmed to store the digitized temporal waveforms of the pulse that is transmitted and of the pulse that is reflected, modify the temporal waveform of the pulse that is transmitted with a sequence of hypothetical phase changes that correspond to a sequence of hypothetical velocities of the target to create a sequence of filters, and perform matched-filter cross-correlation between the waveform of the pulse that is reflected and the filters to find a filter that matches the waveform of the pulse that is reflected.

38. The ladar apparatus of claim 37, wherein the computer is also programmed to perform Fourier transforms of the filters and of the temporal waveform of the pulse that is reflected by the target and performing the matched-filter cross-correlation with such Fourier transforms of the waveform of the pulse that is reflected and of the filters.

39. A method of Doppler range and velocity imaging of a target in relation to a platform, comprising the steps of:

;

transmitting from the platform a pulse of light having a definite duration and a temporal waveform comprising multiple, simultaneous frequency components with varying phase relationships between the frequency components and incommensurate spectral frequency spacing;

recording the temporal waveform in the duration of the pulse while transmitting the pulse;

detecting at the platform and recording a reflection of the pulse waveform from the target;

modifying the recorded transmitted waveform with a sequence of phase shifts that correspond to a sequence of hypothesized target velocities in relation to the platform to obtain a sequence of modified waveforms and performing a sequence of matched-filter cross-correlations between the modified waveforms and the reflection pulse waveform until a match is found between the reflection pulse waveform and a modified waveform.

40. The method of claim 39, including the step of determining actual velocity of the target in relation to the platform as being equal to the hypothesized velocity that corresponds to the modified waveform that matches the reflection pulse waveform.

41. The method of claim 39, including the steps of measuring time elapsed between transmitting the pulse of light from the platform and detecting the reflection pulse waveform from the target that matches an adjusted waveform, and determining range of the target by multiplying speed of light times one-half of the time elapsed.

42. The method of claim 39, including the steps of obtaining a Fourier transform of the temporal waveform of the reflection detected at the platform, obtaining a Fourier transform of the temporal waveform transmitted from the platform, modifying the Fourier transform of the temporal waveform transmitted from the platform with a sequence of phase shift parameters that correspond to a sequence of hypothesized velocities of the target in relation to the platform to obtain a sequence of modified Fourier transforms of the transmitted waveform, and performing a sequence of matched-filter cross-correlations between the modified Fourier transforms of the transmitted waveform and the Fourier transform of the Fourier transform of the reflected waveform until a match is found between the Fourier transform of the reflected waveform and a modified Fourier transform of the transmitted waveform.

43. The method of claim 42, including the steps of generating the pulse of light by converting a continuous wave beam of single frequency light energy to a pulse of broadband light comprising multiple, simultaneous frequency content.

44. The method of claim 43, including the steps of converting the continuous wave beam of single frequency light into continuous wave broadband light having multiple, simultaneous frequency content, gating the continuous wave broadband light into a signal of said definite duration, and amplifying said signal into said pulse of light.

45. The method of claim 44, including the step of randomizing phases of the frequency components.

46. The method of claim 43, including the steps of detecting the temporal waveform of the transmitted pulse of light by mixing a portion of the transmittal pulse of light with local oscillator continuous wave light having a single frequency, and detecting the waveform of the reflected pulse by mixing the reflected pulse of light with the same local oscillator continuous wave light.

47. The method of claim 46, including the step of obtaining the local oscillator light from a light source that is common with the continuous wave beam of single frequency light that is used to generate the pulse of light.

48. The method of claim 44, including the steps of feeding the continuous wave beam of single frequency light into an endless optical loop that propagates the light repetitively through a frequency shifting modulator to create the continuous wave broadband light.

49. The method of claim 48, including the steps of forming said optical loop with an acoustic diffraction grating for the frequency shifting modulator, a doped fiber amplifier for the amplifier, optical fibers connecting the acoustic diffraction grating and the fiber amplifier together in an endless optical ring circuit, and an optical coupler for propagating the continuous wave light into the optical ring circuit.

50. The method of claim 49, including the step of forming said gate with an optical coupler in the optical ring circuit and an acoustic diffraction grating.

51. The method of claim 49, including the step of forming said gate with an optical coupler in the optical ring circuit and an amplitude modulated Mach-Zender device.

52. The method of claim 45, including the steps of generating the signal of light by:

(a) feeding the single frequency, continuous wave beam of light into an endless optical loop that comprises a frequency shifting modulator, an amplifier, and a gate;

(b) circulating the continuous wave laser beam in the optical loop for a plurality of cycles through the frequency shifting modulator and amplifier to create light in the optical loop having a plurality of discrete, simultaneous frequencies; and

(c) opening the gate to switch the light out of the optical loop for the duration of the pulse and then closing the gate.

53. The method of claim 52, including the step of amplifying the signal that is switched out of the optical loop prior to transmission of the pulse of light.

54. The method of claim 49, including the step of amplifying the signal by passing the signal once through a secondary fiber amplifier.

55. The method of claim 52, including the step of amplifying the signal by passing the signal twice sequentially through a secondary fiber amplifier.

56. The method of claim 55, including the step of amplifying the signal by passing the signal once in a first direction through the secondary fiber amplifier and then passing the signal in a second direction opposite to the first direction through the secondary fiber amplifier.

57. The method of claim 56, including the steps of propagating the signal in said first direction into the secondary fiber amplifier through a polarized beam splitter, rotating polarization of the signal by 90 degrees after the signal passes through the amplifier in the first direction, counter-propagating the signal through the secondary fiber amplifier in the second direction, and extracting the pulse from the secondary fiber amplifier with the polarized beam splitter for transmission to the target.

58. The method of claim 57, including the steps of rotating polarization of the signal by 45 degrees after the signal is propagated in said first direction through the secondary fiber amplifier, reflecting the signal for counter-propagation, rotating polarization of the signal by an additional 45 degrees, and counter-propagating the signal through the secondary amplifier in the second direction.

59. The method of claim 58, including the steps of rotating polarization of the beam of light propagated in said first direction by passing the signal in the first direction through a magnetic field and rotating polarization of the beam of light counter-propagated in the second direction by passing the signal in the second direction through the same magnetic field.

60. The method of claim 58, including the steps of selectively reflecting light in the beam that is predetermined spectral bandwidth while passing light in the beam that is outside the predetermined spectral bandwidth away from the fiber amplifier.

61. The method of claim 60, including the step of selectively reflecting light in the beam by propagating the beam into a Bragg fiber grating that reflects light of wavelengths within the predetermined spectral bandwidth and that transmits light of wavelengths outside the predetermined spectral bandwidth.

62. The method of claim 53, including the step of amplifying the signal by passing the signal multiple (greater than two) times in a secondary loop through a secondary fiber amplifier.

63. The method of claim 39, including the steps of generating the pulse of light by passing light energy emission in a Q-switched fiber laser through a narrow band filter, frequency-shifting feedback of filtered light energy into the fiber laser, and Q-switching a pulse of amplified light energy out of the fiber laser.

64. The method of claim 43, comprising the steps of pumping the continuous wave beam of single frequency light into a Q-switched fiber laser in an optical circuit comprising the fiber laser, a Q-switch, a narrow band spectral filter, and a frequency modulator, amplifying light energy emission in the fiber laser while filtering-out light energy of wavelengths that are outside a narrow bandwidth with the narrow band spectral filter, frequency shifting and feeding the filtered light energy back into the fiber laser, and Q-switching the pulse of light out of the fiber amplifier for transmission to the target.