Charge depletion control method and apparatus for hybrid powered vehicles

• US 5,842,534 A
• Filed: 11/03/1997
• Issued: 12/01/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 05/31/1995
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Original Assignee: Frank Transportation Technology, LLC
• Inventors: Frank, Andrew A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Swann, J. J.
• Assistant Examiner(s): MAR, MICHAEL Y
• Application Number:
  US08/963,037
• Time in Patent Office: 393 Days
• Field of Search: 180/65.1, 180/65.2, 180/65.3, 180/65.4, 180/65.8, 318/587
• US Class Current: 180/65.25
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 6/48 Parallel type
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 6/54 Transmission for changing ratio
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 15/2009 for braking
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2210/40 DC to AC converters
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/12 Speed
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/421 Speed
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/423 Torque
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2250/10 by alarm
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2250/26 by pedal actuation
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 3/0023 Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 3/0046 relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 50/16 with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/10 for monitoring or controlling batteries
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/14 Preventing excessive discharging
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/21 having the same nominal voltage
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 7/14 for vehicles propelled by ac motors
• CPC Class Codes: B60T 13/586 the retarders being of the electric type
• CPC Class Codes: B60T 7/042 by electrical means, e.g. using travel or force sensors
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 10/02 including control of driveline clutches
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 10/06 including control of combustion engines
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 10/08 : including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 10/10 : including control of change-speed gearings
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 10/26 : for electrical energy, e.g. batteries or capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 20/00 : Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles hybrid vehicle design, B60K6/00; electric vehicles B60L
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 20/13 : in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2540/10 : Accelerator pedal position
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2540/103 : Accelerator thresholds, e.g. kickdown
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2540/12 : Brake pedal position
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/40 : Engine management systems
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/62 : Hybrid vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/64 : Electric machine technologies in electromobility
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 : Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/7072 : Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/72 : Electric energy management in electromobility
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 903/917 : with transmission for changing gear ratio
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 903/945 : Characterized by control of gearing, e.g. control of transmission ratio
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 903/946 : Characterized by control of driveline clutch

Abstract

A charge depletion method and apparatus for operating the electric motor and small auxiliary power unit, such as an internal combustion engine, in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) separately or together depending upon the driving conditions. Operation of the electric motor and auxiliary power unit are coordinated so that the vehicle operates as zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) or electric car at all speeds below a highway cruising threshold, unless the depth of discharge of the batteries exceeds a charge threshold in which case the vehicle operates in an HEV mode. Further, the vehicle operates in an HEV mode at speeds above the cruising threshold. The batteries are depleted during operation and are not charged by the auxiliary power unit, except during emergencies in which case the batteries are only charged enough to provide a performance enhancement to the small auxiliary power unit.

Claims

1. A method of controlling the operation of a hybrid electric vehicle having an electric motor, a battery powering the electric motor, and an auxiliary power unit, comprising the steps of:

(a) sensing the speed of the vehicle;

(b) sensing the level of the depth of discharge of the battery;

(c) at vehicle speeds above a threshold speed, activating the auxiliary power unit to power the vehicle and using the electric motor to supplement the auxiliary power unit when required;

(d) at vehicle speeds below the threshold speed, deactivating the auxiliary power unit and using the electric motor to power the vehicle; and

(e) automatically and dynamically adjusting the threshold speed as a function of said level of the depth of discharge.

2. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the steps of discharging the battery by operation of the electric motor and charging the battery from the auxiliary power unit when said battery is substantially depleted.

3. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of charging the battery during regenerative braking of the electric motor.

4. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery is never recharged by said auxiliary power unit during operation of said vehicle.

5. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said battery is charge depleted during operation of said vehicle.

6. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said threshold speed is dynamically reduced as the depth of discharge increases.

7. A method of operating a hybrid electric vehicle having an electric motor, a battery powering the electric motor, and an auxiliary power unit, comprising the steps of:

(a) sensing the speed of the vehicle;

(b) sensing the level of the depth of discharge of the battery;

(c) at vehicle speeds above a first threshold speed, activating the auxiliary power unit to power the vehicle and using the electric motor to supplement the auxiliary power unit when required;

(d) at vehicle speeds below a second threshold speed, deactivating the auxiliary power unit and using the electric motor to power the vehicle; and

(e) automatically and dynamically adjusting at least one of said first and second threshold speeds as a function of said level of the depth of discharge.

8. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein said first and second threshold speeds are the same and deactivation of said auxiliary power unit is delayed.

9. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein said second threshold speed is lower than said first threshold speed, said first and second threshold speeds selected to reduce on/off cycling of said auxiliary power unit.

10. A method as recited in claim 7, further comprising the steps of discharging the battery by operation of the electric motor and charging the battery from the auxiliary power unit when said battery is substantially depleted.

11. A method as recited in claim 7, further comprising the step of charging the battery during regenerative braking of the electric motor.

12. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein said battery is never recharged by said auxiliary power unit during operation of said vehicle.

13. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein said battery is charge depleted during operation of said vehicle.

14. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein said threshold speeds are dynamically reduced as the depth of discharge increases.

15. An apparatus for controlling operation of a hybrid powered vehicle having an electric motor, a battery powering said electric motor, and an auxiliary power unit, comprising:

(a) means for sensing the speed of the vehicle;

(b) means sensing the level of the depth of discharge of the battery;

(c) means, at vehicle speeds above a threshold speed, for activating said auxiliary power unit to power said vehicle and for using said electric motor to supplement said auxiliary power unit when required;

(e) means, at vehicle speeds below said threshold speed, for deactivating said auxiliary power unit and using said electric motor to power said vehicle;

(f) means for automatically dynamically adjusting said threshold speed as a function of said level of the depth of discharge.

16. An apparatus as recited in claim 15, wherein said battery is never recharged by said auxiliary power unit during operation of said vehicle.

17. An apparatus as recited in claim 15, wherein said battery is charge depleted.

18. An apparatus as recited in claim 15, wherein said threshold speed is dynamically reduced as the depth of discharge increases.

19. A control apparatus for a hybrid powered vehicle having an electric motor, a battery powering the electric motor, and an auxiliary power unit, comprising:

(a) means for sensing the speed of the vehicle;

(b) means for sensing the level of the depth of discharge of the battery;

(c) means for, at vehicle speeds above a first threshold speeds activating the auxiliary power unit to power the vehicle and using the electric motor to supplement the auxiliary power unit when required;

(d) means for, at vehicle speeds below a second threshold speed, deactivating the auxiliary power unit and using the electric motor to power the vehicle;

(f) means for automatically and dynamically adjusting at least one of said first and second threshold speeds as a function of said level of the depth of discharge.

20. A method as recited in claim 19, wherein said first and second threshold speeds are the same and deactivation of said auxiliary power unit is delayed.

21. A method as recited in claim 19, wherein said second threshold speed is lower than said first threshold speed, said first and second threshold speeds selected to reduce on/of cycling of said auxiliary power unit.

22. An apparatus as recited in claim 19, wherein said battery is never recharged by said auxiliary power unit during operation of said vehicle.

23. An apparatus as recited in claim 19, wherein said battery is charge depleted.

24. An apparatus as recited in claim 19, wherein said threshold speeds are dynamically reduced as the depth of discharge increases.

25. A method of controlling the operation of a hybrid electric vehicle having an electric motor, a battery powering the electric motor, and an auxiliary power unit, comprising the steps of:

(a) charging the battery from a power source external to the vehicle;

(b) sensing the speed of the vehicle;

(c) sensing the level of the depth of discharge of the battery;

(d) at vehicle speeds above a threshold speed, automatically activating the auxiliary power unit to power the vehicle and using the electric motor to supplement the auxiliary power unit when required;

(e) at vehicle speeds below the threshold speed, automatically deactivating the auxiliary power unit and using the electric motor to power the vehicle until the battery charge is substantially depleted; and

(f) recharging the battery from at least one of the following;

(i) said auxiliary power unit;

(ii) regenerative braking; and

(iii) a power source external to the vehicle.

26. A method as recited in claim 25, wherein said threshold speed is dynamically adjusted as a function of depth of discharge of said battery.

27. A method as recited in claim 26, wherein said dynamic adjustment of the threshold speed is automatic.

28. A method as recited in claim 26, wherein said threshold speed is dynamically reduced as the depth of discharge increases.

29. A method as recited in claim 28, wherein the dynamic reduction of said threshold speed is automatic.

30. A method of controlling the operation of a hybrid electric vehicle having an electric motor, a battery powering the electric motor, and an auxiliary power unit, comprising the steps of:

(a) sensing the speed of the vehicle;

(b) sensing the level of the depth of discharge of the battery;

(c) at vehicle speeds above a threshold speed, activating the auxiliary power unit to power the vehicle and using the electric motor to supplement the auxiliary power unit when required;

(d) at vehicle speeds below the threshold speed, deactivating the auxiliary power unit and using the electric motor to power the vehicle;

(e) automatically and dynamically reducing the threshold speed as the depth of discharge increases, wherein the charge on said battery is depleted by operation of said electric motor; and

(f) recharging the battery under a condition selected from the group comprising;

(i) when said battery is in a substantially depleted state;

(ii) when said battery is in a fully depleted state.

31. A method as recited in claim 30, further comprising the step of recharging the battery from at least one of the following:

(i) said auxiliary power unit;

(ii) regenerative braking; and

(iii) a power source external to the vehicle.