Steganographic system

• US 5,850,481 A
• Filed: 05/08/1995
• Issued: 12/15/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 11/18/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Original Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Inventors: Rhoads, Geoffrey B.
• Primary Examiner(s): Boudreau, Leo H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Tadayon, Bijan
• Application Number:
  US08/438,159
• Time in Patent Office: 1,317 Days
• Field of Search: 382/115, 382/100, 382/116, 382/232, 382/117, 382/118, 382/119, 382/120, 382/124, 382/181, 382/182, 382/183, 382/190, 382/192, 382/108, 382/113, 382/114, 382/139, 382/184, 382/203, 382/204, 382/209, 382/217, 382/224, 382/278, 382/279, 382/286, 380/23, 380/25, 380/3, 380/5, 380/54, 380/1, 380/4, 380/9, 380/19, 380/21, 380/24, 380/30, 380/14, 380/10, 283/77, 283/73, 283/74, 283/82, 283/83, 283/902, 283/904, 360/60, 340/825.34
• US Class Current: 382/232
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/341 Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/40145 Biometric identity checks
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/005 Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0057 Compression invariant watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0052 Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 9/253 visually
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/0032 using holograms
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/004 using digital security elements, e.g. information coded on a magnetic thread or strip
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 17/16 for devices exhibiting advertisements, announcements, pictures or the like
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/08 by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means without personal verification means G07F7/02
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/086 by passive credit-cards adapted therefor, e.g. constructive particularities to avoid counterfeiting, e.g. by inclusion of a physical or chemical security-layer for security documents G07D7/00; for the reading of record-carriers in general G06K7/00; for the design of coded credit-cards G06K19/10
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/1008 Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/1016 Devices or methods for securing the PIN and other transaction-data, e.g. by encryption arrangements for secret communication, see H04L9/00
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/12 Card verification
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/018 Audio watermarking, i.e. embedding inaudible data in the audio signal
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00086 Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy indicating unauthorised use of record carriers in general G11B23/28; scrambling for television signal recording H04N5/913; network architectures or network protocols for network security H04L63/00; cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00094 involving measures which result in a restriction to authorised record carriers
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00115 wherein the record carrier stores a unique medium identifier
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00166 involving measures which result in a restriction to authorised contents recorded on or reproduced from a record carrier, e.g. music or software
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00181 using a content identifier, e.g. an international standard recording code [ISRC] or a digital object identifier [DOI]
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/0021 : involving encryption or decryption of contents recorded on or reproduced from a record carrier
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00884 : involving a watermark, i.e. a barely perceptible transformation of the original data which can nevertheless be recognised by an algorithm
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00891 : embedded in audio data
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/665 : using psychoacoustic properties of the ear, e.g. masking effect
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00005 : relating to image data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00037 : Detecting, i.e. determining the occurrence of a predetermined state H04N1/00031 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00079 : remotely
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32144 : embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32149 : Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32208 : involving changing the magnitude of selected pixels, e.g. overlay of information or super-imposition H04N1/32219, H04N1/32224 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32251 : in multilevel data, e.g. greyscale or continuous tone data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32288 : Multiple embedding, e.g. cocktail embedding, or redundant embedding, e.g. repeating the additional information at a plurality of locations in the image
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2005/91321 : the copy protection signal being a copy protection control signal, e.g. a record inhibit signal
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2005/91335 : the copy protection signal being a watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3205 : of identification information, e.g. name or ID code H04N2201/3209 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3207 : of an address
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3226 : of identification information or the like, e.g. ID code, index, title, part of an image, reduced-size image
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 : of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 : which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3271 : Printing or stamping
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/328 : Processing of the additional information
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 5/913 : for scrambling ; for copy protection

Abstract

An identification code signal is impressed on a carrier to be identified (such as an electronic data signal or a physical medium) in a manner that permits the identification signal later to be discerned and the carrier thereby identified. The method and apparatus are characterized by robustness despite degradation of the encoded carrier, and by permeation of the identification signal throughout the carrier.

Claims

1. A paper medium having steganographically encoded data stored therein, the steganographically encoded data being produced in accordance with the following method:

providing first and second signals;

modulating the first signal with the second to produce a third signal, wherein the second signal cannot be discerned from the third signal without the first signal;

shaping the surface micro-topology of the paper medium in accordance with the third signal.

2. A method of texturing a surface of a physical medium to provide identification markings thereon, the method comprising:

providing first and second signals, the first signal being a pseudo-random noise signal;

modulating the first signal with the second to produce a third signal, wherein the second signal cannot be discerned from the third signal without the first signal;

shaping the surface micro-topology of the physical medium in accordance with the third signal.

7. A document encoded in accordance with the method of claim 2.

14. A plastic card encoded in accordance with the method of claim 2.

19. A physical medium having steganographically encoded data produced in accordance with claim 2 stored therein.

3. A method of texturing a surface of a physical medium to provide identification markings thereon, the method comprising:

providing first and second signals, the second signal being a binary signal having "1" and "0" states;

modulating the first signal with the second to produce a third signal, wherein the second signal cannot be discerned from the third signal without the first signal;

shaping the surface micro-topology of the physical medium in accordance with the third signal, wherein the modulating includes multiplying successive portions of the first signal by first or second multiplicands depending on a binary value of the second signal corresponding thereto.

4. A document encoded in accordance with the method of claim 3.

5. A plastic card encoded in accordance with the method of claim 3.

6. A physical medium having steganographically encoded data produced in accordance with claim 3 stored therein.

8. The physical medium of claim 6 in which the physical medium comprises a magnetic or electronic storage medium.

9. A method of processing a light sensitive medium prior to exposure, comprising:

generating an image having auxiliary data steganographically encoded therein; and

exposing the light sensitive medium with said image at an exposure level that does not impair subsequent use of the medium for imaging.

10. An emulsion film processed in accordance with claim 9.

11. An X-ray film processed in accordance with claim 9.

12. A silver halide photographic printing paper processed in accordance with claim 9.

13. A method of steganographically encoding a set of source data with a set of auxiliary data, each of said sets of data comprising a plurality of elements, the method including:

(a) providing a set of independent data, said set of independent data being independent both of the set of auxiliary data and of the set of source data, the set of independent data comprising a plurality of elements;

(b) processing one element of said set of independent data in accordance with a corresponding element of the set of auxiliary data to produce a processed datum;

(c) combining the processed datum with an element of said set of source data to produce an encoded datum, said combining including performing a binary addition operation between the processed data and said element of source data; and

(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) for other elements of the sets of independent, auxiliary data, and source data, thereby producing a set of encoded data.

15. The method of claim 13 in which the elements of the set of source data are bytes each comprised of N bits B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄ . . . B_N, where B₁ is a least significant bit and B_N is a most significant bit, said addition rippling up the bits of various of said bytes to change bit B₄ in at least certain of said bytes, wherein detectable artifacts of the steganographic encoding persist even if the three least significant bits of each encoded byte are entirely corrupted.

16. The method of claim 13 wherein a difference between the set of encoded data and the set of source data appears as pseudo-random noise.

20. The method of claim 13 in which the source data represents video.

21. The method of claim 20 in which the source data represents a video signal.

22. The method of claim 13 in which the independent data is psuedo-random sequence of digital values.

23. The method of claim 13 in which the independent data is perceptually orthogonal to the source data.

24. The method of claim 13 in which the independent data is Gaussian noise.

25. The method of claim 13 in which the independent data is white noise.

26. The method of claim 13 in which the independent data is a noise signal whose histogram has a null at the value "0."

27. The method of claim 26 in which the noise signal has no "0" values.

28. The method of claim 13 in which the independent data is a repetitive pattern.

29. The method of claim 13 which includes deriving the independent data by providing a second set of source data, and scrambling same.

30. The method of claim 29 in which the second source data represents a human-recognizable image, rather than noise.

31. The method of claim 30 in which the second source data represents a corporate logo.

32. The method of claim 13 in which the set of source data comprises pixel values representing an image in the spatial, rather than spatial frequency, domain.

33. The method of claim 13 in which the set of source data comprises audio sample values representing audio in the time, rather than the frequency, domain.

34. The method of claim 13 in which step (b) also includes processing in accordance with a local scaling factor, wherein the processed datum is scaled in accordance with a local characteristic of the set of source data to which it will be binarily added.

35. The method of claim 13 in which:

the set of source data represents an image; and

when the encoded image data is represented in the spatial domain, the value of one pixel therein has been changed by the encoding method in accordance with the values of plural elements of the set of auxiliary data, wherein the steganographic encoding effects a multiple element of auxiliary data--to--one pixel of image relationship.

36. The method of claim 13 in which:

the set of source data represents an image in the spatial domain;

the encoding method embeds calibration data in the set of encoded data, the calibration data facilitating recovery of the auxiliary data from the set of encoded data without reference to the set of source data, even if the image represented by the set of encoded data is corrupted by a rotation process.

37. The method of claim 36 in which the calibration data is distinct from the auxiliary data and the independent data.

17. A steganographic encoding method comprising:

providing a set of digital data, said set comprising M bytes, each byte including N bits B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄ . . . B_N, where B₁ is a least significant bit and B_N is a most significant bit;

providing a set of overlay data comprising M elements; and

adding to each byte of the set of digital data an element of the overlay data corresponding thereto, said adding serving to change a majority of bytes in the set of digital data, said addition rippling up the bits of various of said bytes to change bit B₄ in at least certain of said bytes, wherein detectable artifacts of the steganographic encoding persist even if the three least significant bits of each encoded byte are entirely corrupted.

18. The method of claim 17 in which said addition ripples up the bits of various of said bytes to change bit B₅ in at least certain of said bytes, wherein detectable artifacts of said steganographic encoding persist even if the four least significant bits are entirely corrupted.