Method for rendering shadows on a graphical display

• US 5,870,098 A
• Filed: 02/26/1997
• Issued: 02/09/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 02/26/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Evans & Sutherland Co.
• Original Assignee: Evans & Sutherland Computer Corp. (Elevate Entertainment, Inc.)
• Inventors: Gardiner, Harold Dee
• Primary Examiner(s): Nguyen, Phu K.
• Application Number:
  US08/805,499
• Time in Patent Office: 713 Days
• Field of Search: 345/419, 345/421, 345/425, 345/426, 345/427, 345/429, 345/430
• US Class Current: 345/426
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 17/05 Geographic models

Abstract

A method for rendering a shadow cast from an object illuminated by at least one light source onto at least another object on a graphical computer display. The preferred embodiment enables the rendering of accurate and realistic shadows in real-time, consequently providing a realistic view of three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. The shadow can also provide more visual clues than are otherwise available from ambient light sources. In this way, more visual information is provided to an observer.

Claims

1. A method for rendering a shadow in a computer graphics display system which generates three-dimensional information that is expressive of three-dimensional solid objects therein which cast and receive the shadow, wherein the method comprises the steps of:

(a) generating a three-dimensional shadow casting object having a shape attribute defining a corresponding shape and a three-dimensional shadow receiving object having at least one appearance attribute defining a corresponding appearance;

(b) generating a light source so that the shadow casting object is at least partially illuminated and oriented so as to cast the shadow at least partially onto the shadow receiving object, to thereby generate a shadow polygon also having a shape attribute and corresponding shape derived from the shadow casting object;

(c) combining the shape attribute of the shadow region and the at least one appearance attribute of the shadow receiving object to enable the shadow polygon to have an appearance of the shadow receiving object; and

(d) utilizing shading algorithms to render the shadow region.

2. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 1 wherein the step of generating a three-dimensional shadow receiving object having at least one appearance attribute more specifically comprises the step of providing a texture map as the at least one appearance attribute.

3. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 2 wherein the step of generating a three-dimensional shadow receiving object having at least one appearance attribute more specifically comprises the step of providing color as the at least one appearance attribute.

4. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 3 wherein the step of generating the shadow polygon more specifically comprises the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object.

5. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 4 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object more specifically comprises the step of casting rays from the light source through all vertices of the shadow casting object to thereby generate the shadow polygon on the shadow receiving object.

6. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 5 wherein the step of generating the shadow polygon more specifically comprises the steps of:

(a) determining whether a portion of the shadow polygon is coplanar with respect to the shadow receiving object; and

(b) applying coplanar rendering techniques to coplanar surfaces where the shadow polygon is coplanar with the shadow receiving object.

7. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 4 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object more specifically comprises the step of casting parallel rays from a direction of the light source through all vertices of the shadow casting object to thereby generate the shadow polygon on the shadow receiving object when the light source is from an area source and not a point source.

8. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 4 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) determining on which polygon or polygons of the shadow receiving object the shadow is to be projected; and

(b) determining an appearance for each of the polygons on which the shadow is to be projected.

9. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 8 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) determining whether the shadow is to be projected onto a plurality of surfaces of the shadow receiving object; and

(b) if the shadow is to be projected onto the plurality of surfaces, clipping the shadow to conform to each of the plurality of surfaces.

10. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 8 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) determining whether the shadow is to be projected by a light source which is moving; and

(b) if the light source is moving, calculating the projection as the light source moves.

11. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 8 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) determining whether the shadow is to be cast by a moving shadow casting object; and

(b) if the shadow casting object is moving, calculating the projection as the shadow casting object moves.

12. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 8 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) determining whether the shadow is to be projected onto a moving shadow receiving object; and

(b) if the shadow casting receiving is moving, calculating the projection as the shadow receiving object moves.

13. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 8 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the shadow receiving object comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) determining whether the shadow is to be cast by a plurality of light sources; and

(b) if the shadow is to be cast by a plurality of light sources, overlapping regions of shadows must be clipped, projected, and managed separately.

14. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 1 wherein the step of generating the shadow polygon onto the receiving object comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) generating the three-dimensional shadow casting object by using a corresponding alpha texture map to generate the shape of the shadow casting object; and

(b) using said alpha texture map to generate the shape of the shadow on the shadow receiving object.

15. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 14 wherein the step of using said alpha texture map to generate the shape of the shadow on the shadow receiving object comprises the more specific step of using a copy of the alpha texture map corresponding to the shadow casting object to thereby generate the shadow polygon.

16. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 15 wherein the step of using the copy of the alpha texture map corresponding to the shadow casting object to thereby generate the shadow polygon comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) enabling the shadow of the shadow casting object to be visible over the shadow receiving object where the alpha texture map values indicate the shadow is visible; and

(b) enabling the shadow receiving object to be visible where the alpha texture map values indicate the shadow receiving object is visible.

17. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 16 wherein the step of using the alpha texture map values includes the more specific steps of:

(a) enabling the shadow of the shadow casting object to be visible over the shadow receiving object where the alpha texture map values are equal to one; and

(b) enabling the shadow receiving object to be visible where the alpha texture map values are equal to zero.

18. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 14 wherein the step of projecting the shadow onto the receiving object comprises the more specific step of mapping the alpha texture map directly to the shape of the shadow polygon to thereby enable the shadow to be distorted as the shadow polygon is distorted when tracking projection calculations.

19. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 14 wherein the step of using the alpha texture map to generate the shape of the shadow comprises the more specific step of using texture values between 0 and 1 around a perimeter of the shadow to thereby provide a more realistic shadow.

20. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 14 wherein the step of using the alpha texture map to generate the shape of the shadow polygon comprises the more specific step of selectively modifying sharpness of the perimeter of the shadow by selectively modifying a depth calculation of a MIP map.

21. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 14 wherein the step of using the alpha texture map to generate the shape of the shadow polygon comprises the more specific step of selectively lowering a resolution of the shadow by lowering a MIP value.

22. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 14 wherein the step of using the alpha texture map to generate the shape of the shadow polygon comprises the more specific step of applying color to the shadow polygon by inheriting all colors from the shadow receiving object.

23. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 22 wherein the step of applying color to the shadow polygon comprises the more specific step of applying color from a color map of the shadow receiving object to color the shadow polygon.

24. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 23 wherein the step of applying color to the shadow polygon comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) determining which colors of the color map of the shadow receiving object to apply to the shadow polygon by using projection calculations to determine which portion of the shadow receiving object is underneath the shadow polygon; and

(b) applying the colors of the color map from the shadow receiving object which lie underneath the shadow polygon, to a color map of the shadow polygon.

25. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 24 wherein the step of applying color to the shadow polygon comprises the more specific step of applying the alpha texture map of the shadow casting object to the shadow polygon to thereby apply the alpha texture map of the shadow casting object as a composite mask over the color map of the shadow receiving object.

26. The method for the shadow as defined in claim 25, wherein the step of utilizing the shading algorithms comprises the more specific step of making a portion of the shadow receiving object which is both outside of the shadow polygon and outside of the illumination from the light source a brightness corresponding to a brightness of the shadow polygon.

27. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of utilizing the shadow algorith comprises the more specific steps of:

(a) generating at least one local light source which is causing the shadow to be cast from the shadow casting object, generating at least another local light source which is not casting the shadow, and generating at least one global light source;

(b) rendering the shadow polygon while applying the at least one global light source and the at least another local light source; and

(c) rendering the shadow casting object and the shadow receiving object using the at least one local light source, the at least another local light source, and the at least one global light source.

28. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of utilizing the shading algorithms comprises the more specific step of using Phong shading hardware or software to render the shadow.

29. The method for rendering the shadow as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of utilizing the shading algorithms comprises the more specific step of illuminating the shadow polygon using less light than is being emitted from the light source causing the shadow.

30. A method for rendering a shadow in a computer graphics display system which generates three-dimensional information that is expressive of three-dimensional solid objects therein which cast and receive the shadow, wherein the method comprises the steps of:

(a) generating a three-dimensional shadow casting object optionally having a texture map and a three-dimensional shadow receiving object optionally having a texture map;

(b) generating a light source so that the shadow casting object is at least partially illuminated and oriented so as to cast the shadow at least partially over the shadow receiving object;

(c) disabling light source illumination calculations where the shadow is cast over the shadow receiving object to thereby generate a shadow region; and

(d) utilizing shading algorithms to render the shadow region.

31. A method for rendering a shadow in a computer graphics display system which generates three-dimensional information that is expressive of three-dimensional solid objects therein which cast and receive the shadow, wherein the method comprises the steps of:

(a) generating a three-dimensional shadow casting object having a texture map and a three-dimensional shadow receiving object having a texture map;

(b) generating a light source so that the shadow casting object is at least partially illuminated and oriented so as to cast the shadow at least partially over the shadow receiving object to thereby generate a shadow polygon;

(c) generating a shadow shape from a copy of the shadow casting object texture map;

(d) coupling the shadow shape to vertices of the shadow polygon;

(e) causing the shadow shape to inherit all colors of the shadow receiving object;

(f) applying the shadow casting object texture map as a composite mask over shadow receiving object to complete the shadow; and

(g) utilizing shading hardware to render the shadow.

32. A computer graphics system for rendering a shadow on a computer graphics display system which generates three-dimensional information that is expressive of three-dimensional solid objects therein which cast and receive the shadow, wherein the system is comprised of:

a display means for displaying a three-dimensional shadow casting object, a three-dimensional shadow receiving object, a light source and a shadow extending from the shadow casting object so as to at least partially obscure the shadow receiving object;

a processing means for calculating attributes of the shadow casting object, the shadow receiving object, the light source and the shadow, where the processing means includes separate illumination calculating means for determining how the light source illuminates the shadow casting object and the shadow receiving object; and

shadow rendering means for rendering the shadow after the processing means has determined the shape of the shadow.