Capacitive filter feedthrough for implantable medical device

• US 5,870,272 A
• Filed: 05/06/1997
• Issued: 02/09/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 05/06/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Medtronic Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Original Assignee: Medtronic Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Inventors: Wolf, William D., Tidemand, Kevin K., Lessar, Joseph F., Engmark, David B., Seifried, Lynn M., Wiklund, Craig L., Fraley, Mary A., Hoch, Ronald F.
• Primary Examiner(s): Kincaid, Kristine
• Assistant Examiner(s): Dinkins, Anthony
• Application Number:
  US08/852,198
• Time in Patent Office: 644 Days
• Field of Search: 361/302, 361/303, 361/305, 361/306.1, 361/306.2, 361/306.3, 361/307, 361/309, 361/311, 361/329, 361/328, 361/330, 361/321.2, 29/25.42, 29/842, 29/844, 174/50.51, 174/50.56, 174/50.63, 174/152 GM, 174/143, 333/181-185, 607/36, 607/5
• US Class Current: 361/302
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/3718 Monitoring of or protection against external electromagnetic fields or currents
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/3754 Feedthroughs
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 9/10 Sealing, e.g. of lead-in wires
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 29/435 Solid dielectric type

Abstract

A capacitive filter feedthrough assembly and method of making the same are disclosed for shielding an implantable medical device such as pacemaker or defibrillator from electromagnetic interference or noise. A ferrule is adapted for mounting onto a conductive device housing by welding, soldering, brazing or gluing, and supports a terminal pin for feedthrough passage to a housing interior. A capacitive filter is mounted at the inboard side of a device housing, with capacitive filter electrode plate sets coupled respectively to the housing and the terminal pin by an electrically conductive combination of solder and brazing. In one embodiment of the invention, multiple capacitive filters are provided in an array within a common base structure, where each capacitive filter is associated with a respective terminal pin.

Claims

1. A feedthrough assembly for an implantable medical device, comprising:

(a) an electrically conductive ferrule having a first aperture disposed therethrough, the first aperture having first sidewalls, the ferrule being formed of at least one of titanium, niobium, platinum, molybdenum, zirconium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, iridium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof;

(b) an insulator having a second aperture disposed therethrough, the second aperture having second sidewalls, the insulator being disposed within the first aperture and being formed of a ceramic-containing, electrically insulative material;

(c) an electrically conductive pin having upper and lower portions, at least the upper portion of the pin extending into the second aperture, the pin being formed of at least one of titanium, niobium, platinum, molybdenum, zirconium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, iridium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof;

(d) an electrically conductive inner braze joint disposed atop the top portion of the pin or between the pin and the second sidewalls of the second aperture, to form a seal therebetween, the inner braze joint being formed of at least one of;

(1) pure gold;

(2) a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof;

(3) a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof; and

(4) a silver-palladium-gallium alloy;

(e) an electrically conductive intermediate braze joint disposed between the insulator and the first sidewalls of the first aperture to form a seal therebetween, the intermediate braze joint being formed of at least one of;

(1) pure gold;

(2) a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof;

(3) a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof; and

(4) a silver-palladium-gallium alloy;

(f) a ceramic-containing capacitive filter having one of a third aperture and a passageway disposed therethrough, a first electrical terminal being disposed within the third aperture or passageway, a second electrical terminal being disposed on an outer surface of the capacitive filter;

(g) an electrically conductive inner solder joint disposed within the third aperture or the passageway, the inner solder joint being electrically and mechanically connected to the inner braze joint and the first terminal, the inner solder joint being formed of at least one of;

(1) an indium-lead alloy;

(2) indium only;

(3) lead only;

(4) silver only;

(5) tin only;

(6) an indium-silver alloy;

(7) an indium-tin alloy;

(8) a tin-lead alloy;

(9) a tin-silver alloy;

(10) an indium-lead-silver alloy;

(11) a tin-lead-silver alloy;

(12) a gold-tin alloy;

(13) a gold-silicon alloy;

(14) a gold-germanium alloy; and

(15) a gold-indium alloy;

(h) an electrically conductive outer braze joint disposed between the ferrule and the outer surface of the capacitive filter, the outer braze joint being formed of at least one of;

(1) pure gold;

(2) a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof;

(3) a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof; and

(4) a silver-palladium-gallium alloy, and

(i) an electrically conductive outer solder joint disposed between the outer braze joint and the second electrical terminal, the outer solder joint electrically and mechanically connecting the outer braze joint to the second terminal, the outer solder joint being formed of at least one of;

(1) an indium-lead alloy;

(2) indium only;

(3) lead only;

(4) silver only;

(5) tin only;

(6) an indium-silver alloy;

(7) an indium-tin alloy;

(8) a tin-lead alloy;

(9) a tin-silver alloy;

(10) an indium-lead-silver alloy;

(11) a tin-lead-silver alloy;

(12) a gold-tin alloy;

(13) a gold-silicon alloy;

(14) a gold-germanium alloy; and

(15) a gold-indium alloy;

wherein the capacitive filter, in combination with the electrical connections established to the first and second terminals thereof from, respectively, the pin and the ferrule, attenuates electromagnetic interference when installed in an implantable medical device.

2. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the capacitive filter is disposed at least partially in the first aperture.

3. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein a lower surface of an electrically conductive contact pad is electrically and mechanically connected to the inner solder joint, the contact pad having an upper surface suitable for wirebonding, soldering, gluing, welding, laser welding, or brazing an electrical connection thereon or thereto.

4. The feedthrough assembly of claim 3, wherein the contact pad is formed of one of:

(a) Kovar having first a layer of nickel and then a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof;

(b) brass having first a layer of nickel and then layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof;

(c) pure gold;

(d) nickel having a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof, and (e) pure copper or copper alloy having first a layer of nickel and then a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof.

5. The feedthrough assembly of claim 3, wherein the contact pad is electrically connected to internal circuitry disposed within an implantable medical device.

6. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the ferrule and the capacitive filter by at least one of the outer braze joint and the outer solder joint.

7. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the insulator and the pin by the inner braze joint and the outer solder joint.

8. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the insulator and the first aperture by the intermediate braze joint.

9. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the ferrule is electrically and mechanically connected to one of a housing, container, cover, and shield in an implantable medical device.

10. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the ferrule forms a portion of, and is structurally unitary in respect of, one of a housing, container, cover, case and shield in an implantable medical device.

11. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the implantable medical device is one of a pacemaker, an implantable pulse generator, a defibrillator, a pacemaker-cardioverter-defibrillator, a neurological stimulator and a gastro-intestinal stimulator.

12. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the pin is electrically connected to one of a connector block and a connector located outside the implantable medical device.

13. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the capacitive filter is a discoidal capacitor.

14. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the capacitive filter is a multi-layer capacitor.

15. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the capacitive filter comprises barium titanate.

16. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the capacitive filter is selected from the group consisting of single-layer capacitors, rectangular capacitors, square capacitors, elliptical capacitors, and oval capacitors.

17. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein the capacitive filter has at least one of a silver thick film, a silver-palladium alloy thick film, and a silver-platinum alloy thick film disposed on an inner capacitive filter surface or an outer capacitive filter surface thereof.

18. The feedthrough assembly of claim 17, wherein the capacitive filter has at least one nickel or gold layer sputtered onto the thick film surfaces thereof.

19. The feedthrough assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of niobium, titanium, titanium-tungsten alloy, tungsten and molybdenum are sputtered onto an inner surface or an outer surface of the insulator.

20. A feedthrough assembly for an implantable medical device, comprising:

(a) an electrically conductive ferrule having a first aperture disposed therethrough, the first aperture having first sidewalls;

(b) an insulator having a second aperture disposed therethrough, the second aperture having second sidewalls, the insulator being disposed within the first aperture and being formed of a ceramic-containing, electrically insulative material;

(c) an electrically conductive pin having upper and lower portions, at least the upper portion of the pin extending into the second aperture;

(d) an electrically conductive inner braze joint disposed atop or around the upper portion of the pin and between the pin and the second sidewalls of the second aperture to form a seal therebetween;

(e) an electrically conductive intermediate braze joint disposed between the insulator and the first sidewalls of the first aperture to form a seal therebetween;

(f) a ceramic-containing capacitive filter having one of a third aperture and a passageway disposed therethrough, a first electrical terminal being disposed within the third aperture or passageway, a second electrical terminal being disposed on an outer surface of the capacitive filter;

(g) an electrically conductive inner solder joint disposed within the third aperture or the passageway, the inner solder joint being electrically and mechanically connected to the inner braze joint and the first terminal;

(h) an electrically conductive outer braze joint disposed between the ferrule and the outer surface of the capacitive filter, and

(i) an electrically conductive outer solder joint disposed between the outer braze joint and the second electrical terminal, the outer solder joint electrically and mechanically connecting the outer braze joint to the second terminal;

wherein the capacitive filter, in combination with the electrical connections established to the first and second terminals thereof from, respectively, the pin and the ferrule, attenuates electromagnetic interference when installed in an implantable medical device.

21. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein capacitive filter is disposed at least partially within the first aperture.

22. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein a lower surface of an electrically conductive contact pad is electrically and mechanically connected to the inner solder joint, the contact pad having an upper surface suitable for wirebonding, soldering, gluing, welding, laser welding, or brazing an electrical connection thereon or thereto.

23. The feedthrough assembly of claim 22, wherein the contact pad comprises at least one of:

(a) Kovar having first a layer of nickel and then a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof;

(b) brass having first a layer of nickel and then a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof;

(c) pure gold;

(d) nickel having a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof, and (e) pure copper or copper alloy having first a layer of nickel and then a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof.

24. The feedthrough assembly of claim 22, wherein the contact pad is electrically connected to internal circuitry disposed within an implantable medical device.

25. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the ferrule is formed of at least one of titanium, niobium, platinum, molybdenum, zirconium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, iridium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

26. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the pin comprises at least one of titanium, niobium, platinum, molybdenum, zirconium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, iridium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

27. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the inner braze joint comprises pure gold.

28. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the inner braze joint is formed of a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof.

29. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the inner braze joint is formed of a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

30. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the inner braze joint comprises a silver-palladium-gallium alloy.

31. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the intermediate braze joint comprises pure gold.

32. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the intermediate braze joint is formed of a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof.

33. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the intermediate braze joint is formed of a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

34. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the intermediate braze joint comprises a silver-palladium-gallium alloy.

35. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the inner solder joint comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of indium, lead and alloys, combinations or mixtures thereof.

36. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the inner solder joint comprises a metal or alloy selected from the group consisting of indium, lead, silver, tin, gold, silicon, germanium, and alloys, combinations or mixtures thereof.

37. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the outer braze joint comprises pure gold.

38. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the outer braze joint is formed of a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof.

39. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the outer braze joint is formed of a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

40. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the outer braze joint comprises a silver-palladium-gallium alloy.

41. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the ferrule and the capacitive filter by at least one of the outer braze joint and the outer solder joint.

42. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the insulator and the pin by the inner braze joint.

43. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the insulator and the first aperture by the intermediate braze joint.

44. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the ferrule is electrically and mechanically connected to one of a housing, container, cover and shield in an implantable medical device.

45. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the ferrule forms a portion of, and is structurally unitary in respect of, one of a housing, container, cover, and shield in an implantable medical device.

46. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the implantable medical device is one of a pacemaker, an implantable pulse generator, a defibrillator, a pacemaker-cardioverter-defibrillator, a neurological stimulator and a gastro-intestinal stimulator.

47. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the capacitive filter is a discoidal capacitor.

48. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the capacitive filter is a multi-layer capacitor.

49. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the capacitive filter comprises barium titanate.

50. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the capacitive filter is selected from the group consisting of single-layer capacitors, rectangular capacitors, square capacitors, elliptical capacitors, and oval capacitors.

51. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the capacitive filter has at least one of:

(a) a silver thick film;

(b) a silver-palladium alloy thick film, and (c) a silver-platinum alloy thick film, disposed on an inner capacitive filter surface or an outer capacitive filter surface thereof.

52. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein the capacitive filter has at least one nickel or gold layer sputtered onto at least one of a thick film surface thereof.

53. The feedthrough assembly of claim 20, wherein at least one of niobium, titanium, titanium-tungsten alloy, tungsten and molybdenum are sputtered onto an inner surface or an outer surface of the insulator.

54. A feedthrough assembly for an implantable medical device, comprising:

(a) means for forming an electrically conductive ferrule having a first aperture disposed therethrough, the first aperture having first sidewalls;

(b) means for insulating having a second aperture disposed therethrough, the second aperture having second sidewalls, the insulating means being disposed within the first aperture and being formed of a ceramic-containing, electrically insulative material;

(c) means for forming an electrically conductive pin having upper and lower portions, at least the upper portion of the pin forming means extending into the second aperture;

(d) means for forming an electrically conductive inner braze joint disposed atop the top portion of the pin means and between the pin forming means and the second sidewalls of the second aperture to form a seal therebetween;

(e) means for forming an electrically conductive intermediate braze joint disposed between the insulating means and the first sidewalls of the first aperture to form a seal therebetween;

(f) a ceramic-containing means for capacitively filtering having one of a third aperture and a passageway disposed therethrough, a first electrical terminal being disposed within the third aperture or passageway, a second electrical terminal being disposed on an outer surface of the capacitive filtering means;

(g) means for forming an electrically conductive inner solder joint disposed within the third aperture or the passageway, the inner solder joint forming means being electrically and mechanically connected to the inner braze joint forming means and the first terminal;

(h) an electrically conductive means for forming an outer braze joint disposed between the ferrule and the outer surface of the capacitive filtering means, and

(i) an electrically conductive means for forming an outer solder joint disposed between the outer braze joint forming means and the second electrical terminal, the outer solder joint forming means electrically and mechanically connecting the outer braze joint forming means to the second terminal;

wherein the capacitive filtering means, in combination with the electrical connections established to the first and second terminals thereof from, respectively, the pin forming means and the ferrule forming means, attenuates electromagnetic interference when installed in an implantable medical device.

55. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the capacitive filtering means is disposed at least partially within the first aperture.

56. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein a lower surface of an electrically conductive means for forming a contact pad is electrically and mechanically connected to the inner solder joint forming means, the contact pad forming means having an upper surface suitable for wirebonding, soldering, gluing, welding, laser welding, or brazing an electrical connection thereon or thereto.

57. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the contact pad forming means comprises one of:

(a) Kovar having a layer of nickel and a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof;

(b) brass having a layer nickel and a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof;

(c) pure gold;

(d) nickel having a layer of gold disposed on the surface thereof.

58. The feedthrough assembly of claim 57, wherein the contact pad is electrically connected to internal circuitry disposed within an implantable medical device.

59. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the ferrule forming means comprises at least one of titanium, niobium, platinum, molybdenum, zirconium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, iridium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

60. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the pin forming means comprises at least one of titanium, niobium, platinum, molybdenum, zirconium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, iridium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

61. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the inner braze joint comprises pure gold.

62. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the inner braze joint is formed of a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof.

63. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the inner braze joint is formed of a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

64. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the inner braze joint comprises a silver-palladium-gallium alloy.

65. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the intermediate braze joint comprises pure gold.

66. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the intermediate braze joint is formed of a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof.

67. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the intermediate braze joint is formed of a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

68. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the intermediate braze joint comprises a silver-palladium-gallium alloy.

69. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the inner solder joint comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of indium, lead and alloys, combinations or mixtures thereof.

70. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the inner solder joint comprises a metal or alloy selected from the group consisting of indium, lead, silver, tin, gold, silicon, germanium, and alloys, combinations or mixtures thereof.

71. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the outer braze joint comprises pure gold.

72. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the outer braze joint is formed of a gold alloy comprising gold and at least one of titanium, niobium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, silver, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and alloys, mixtures and thereof.

73. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the outer braze joint is formed of a copper-silver alloy comprising copper, silver and optionally at least one of iridium, titanium, tin, gallium, palladium, platinum, and alloys, mixtures and combinations thereof.

74. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the outer braze joint is formed of a silver-palladium-gallium alloy.

75. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the ferrule means and the capacitive filtering means by at least one of the outer braze joint means and the outer solder joint forming means.

76. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the insulating means and the pin forming means by inner braze joint forming means.

77. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein a hermetic seal is provided between the insulating means and the first aperture by the intermediate braze joint forming means.

78. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the ferrule forming means is electrically and mechanically connected to one of a housing, container, case, cover and shield in an implantable medical device.

79. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the ferrule forming means forms a portion of, and is structurally unitary in respect of, one of a housing, container, case, cover and shield in an implantable medical device.

80. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the implantable medical device is one of a pacemaker, an implantable pulse generator, a defibrillator, a pacemaker-cardioverter-defibrillator, a neurological stimulator and a gastro-intestinal stimulator.

81. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the capacitive filtering means is a discoidal capacitor.

82. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the capacitive filtering means is a multi-layer capacitor.

83. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the capacitive filtering means comprises barium titanate.

84. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the capacitive filtering means is selected from the group consisting of single-layer capacitors, rectangular capacitors, square capacitors, elliptical capacitors and oval capacitors.

85. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the capacitive filtering means has at least one of a silver thick film, a silver-palladium alloy thick film, and a silver-platinum alloy thick film disposed on the inner capacitive filter surface or outer capacitive filter surface thereof.

86. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein the capacitive filtering means has at least one nickel or gold layer sputtered onto the thick film surfaces thereof.

87. The feedthrough assembly of claim 54, wherein at least one of niobium, titanium, titanium-tungsten alloy, tungsten and molybdenum are sputtered onto an inner surface or an outer surface of the insulating means.