Self-triggered X-ray sensor

• US 5,887,049 A
• Filed: 08/05/1997
• Issued: 03/23/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 11/12/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: California Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: California Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Fossum, Eric R.
• Primary Examiner(s): Church, Craig E.
• Application Number:
  US08/910,452
• Time in Patent Office: 595 Days
• Field of Search: 378/98.8, 250/370.09
• US Class Current: 378/98.8
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/47 Image sensors with pixel address output; Event-driven image sensors; Selection of pixels to be read out based on image data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 3/155 Control of the image-sensor operation, e.g. image processing within the image-sensor
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 5/32 Transforming X-rays cameras or camera modules for generating image signals from X-rays H04N23/30; circuitry of SSIS for transforming X-rays into image signals H04N25/30
• CPC Class Codes: H05G 1/64 Circuit arrangements for X-ray apparatus incorporating image intensifiers

Abstract

An imaging pixel array with event detectors for detecting input light signals and activating the imaging pixel array based on a predetermined threshold intensity of an input light. Each event detector is preferably made of auxiliary photosensitive pixels with a thresholding circuit. The imaging pixel array is activated to perform signal integration if the input light signal is above the threshold intensity. A self-triggered X-ray sensor can be realized with such event detectors. A CMOS active pixel sensor can be used as the imaging pixel array with advantages.

Claims

1. An imaging detection system, comprising:

an image sensor, having a plurality of sensing pixels disposed relative to one another to form a pixel array, said sensing pixels being responsive to photons and including a charge storage structure that accumulates charge indicative of said photons, thus producing photo-electrical signals having a relation with said photons;

a control circuit, connected to said image sensor, operating to control said image sensor to operate between areset state in which said charge is not accumulated, and an integration state in which said charge is accumulated; and

an event detector, disposed relative to said pixel array and electrically connected to said control circuit, having a photosensitive element to receive a portion of said photons, said event detector operating to effect a triggering mechanism for said control circuit that controls a state of said image sensor.

2. A system as in claim 1, wherein said event detector includes a thresholding circuit connected to said photosensitive element, said thresholding circuit producing a triggering signal to said control circuit if a photosignal generated by said photosensitive element is greater than a predetermined threshold value that is set by said thresholding circuit, said triggering signal enabling said control circuit to reset said pixel array into said integration state thus generating said photo-electrical signals.

3. A system as in claim 2, wherein said image sensor, said control circuit, and said event detector are integrated relative to one another on a single semiconductor substrate.

4. A system as in claim 3, wherein said image sensor is a CMOS active pixel sensor, each active pixel of which includes a photosensitive element and signal-amplifying electronics.

5. A system as in claim 2, further comprising a plurality of additional detectors substantially identical to said event detector and electrically connected to said control circuit, said additional detectors and said event detector being positioned in proximity of said pixel array of said image sensor and working in combination to provide said triggering mechanism in said control circuit for said image sensor.

6. A X-ray imaging device, comprising:

a X-ray source, operable to emit X-ray radiation that transmits through an object to be imaged;

a scintillator material responsive to said X-ray radiation to produce photons in a signal spectrum, being disposed relative to said X-ray source and the object to receive transmitted X-ray radiation from the object and to emit said photons based on received transmitted X-ray radiation;

a photosensitive pixel array having a plurality of photosensitive pixels each with a charge storage structure that accumulates charge indicative of said photons, said pixel array responsive to said photons in said signal spectrum and disposed relative to said scintillator material in a location to receive said induced photons, operable to receive said photons from said scintillator material and produce electrical signals having a relation with said photons;

a control circuit, connected to said pixel array, operating to control said pixel array to operate between a reset state in which said charge is not accumulated, and an integration state in which said charge is accumulated; and

an event circuit having a plurality of event detectors, disposed relative to said pixel array and electrically connected to said control circuit, each having a photosensitive element to receive said photons from said scintillator material, said event detectors operating to provide a triggering mechanism in said control circuit that affects said pixel array.

7. A device as in claim 6, wherein each of said event detectors comprises a thresholding circuit connected to said photosensitive element, said thresholding circuit producing a triggering signal to said control circuit if a photosignal generated by said photosensitive element is greater than a predetermined threshold value set by said thresholding circuit, said triggering signal enabling said control circuit to reset said pixel array into said integration state to generate electrical signals indicative of the object.

8. A device as in claim 7, wherein said photosensitive element is a photodiode and said thresholding circuit comprises a transfer gate connected to said photodiode, a floating diffusion node, a reset transistor connected to said diffusion node, a source follower receiving electrical signals from said diffusion node, and a comparator circuit operable to compare signals from said source follower to said threshold value, thereby producing said triggering signal for said control circuit.

9. A device as in claim 7, wherein said pixel array is an active pixel array, said control circuit operating to set all photosensitive pixels in said pixel array in a reset state if said photosignal in said event detectors is less than said threshold value and to cause all photosensitive pixels in said pixel array in an integrating state if said photosignal in said event detectors is greater than said threshold value.

10. A device as in claim 6, wherein said signal spectrum is in the visible spectral range.

11. A method for performing signal detection with a detector having a plurality of pixels, comprising:

providing a control mechanism for said pixels to control said detector to operate between a reset state in which charge sensed by said detector is not accumulated; and

an integration state in which said charge is accumulated;

providing an event detection circuit for detecting presence of an incoming signal to be detected;

measuring a signal level of said incoming signal with said event detection circuit to determine whether said signal level is greater than a predetermined threshold;

maintaining said pixels in said reset state if said signal level is below said predetermined threshold; and

resetting said pixels into said integration state if said signal level is greater than a predetermined threshold.

12. A method as in claim 11, further comprising:

sampling said charge prior to said resetting of said pixels from said reset state into said integration state to obtain a background signal received by said detector; and

subtracting said background signal from a total integration signal obtained upon termination of said integration state.