LaNi.sub.5 is-based metal hydride electrode in Ni-MH rechargeable cells

• US 5,888,665 A
• Filed: 12/13/1996
• Issued: 03/30/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 06/07/1995
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: California Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: California Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Bowman, Robert, Fultz, Brent, Surampudi, Subra Rao, Bugga, Ratnakumar V., Hightower, Adrian, Witham, Charles K.
• Primary Examiner(s): Bell, Bruce F.
• Application Number:
  US08/764,849
• Time in Patent Office: 837 Days
• Field of Search: 429/27, 429/223, 429/101, 429/59, 429/40, 429/218, 420/900
• US Class Current: 429/499
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/0047 containing a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/0057 also containing nickel
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/345 Gastight metal hydride accumulators
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/8621 containing only metallic or ceramic material, e.g. made by sintering or sputtering
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/32 Hydrogen storage
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 420/90 Hydrogen storage

Abstract

An at least ternary metal alloy of the formula AB.sub.(Z-Y) X.sub.(Y) is disclosed. In this formula, A is selected from the rare earth elements, B is selected from the elements of Groups 8, 9, and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and X includes at least one of the following: antimony, arsenic, germanium, tin or bismuth. Z is greater than or equal to 4.8 and less than or equal to 6.0. Y is greater than 0 and less than 1. Ternary or higher-order substitutions to the base AB₅ alloys that form strong kinetic interactions with the predominant metals in the base metal hydride are used to form metal alloys with high structural integrity after multiple cycles of hydrogen sorption.

Claims

1. A fuel cell, comprising:

an alkaline electrolyte;

an anode contacting the electrolyte, the anode being made of a material selected to electrocatalyze a fuel;

a cathode contacting the electrolyte, the cathode being made of a material selected to electrocatalyze oxygen, the cathode material being an at least ternary hydridable alloy having the formula;

AB.sub.(Z-Y) X_Y, as an atomic ratio where 4.8≦

Z≦

6.0;

A includes at least one substance selected from the group consisting of cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, yttrium and mischmetal;

B includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, iron, aluminum and nickel;

X includes at least one element E selected so that at least one binary alloy selected from the group consisting of AE and BE has an enthalpy of formation greater than that of binary alloy LaSn; and

Y is greater than or equal to zero.

2. The fuel cell of claim 1, wherein z is about 5.

3. The fuel cell of claim 1, wherein:

A is lanthanum;

B is nickel; and

X includes at least one element E selected from the group consisting of antimony, arsenic, germanium, tin and bismuth.

4. The fuel cell of claim 1, wherein:

A is lanthanum;

B is nickel; and

X includes germanium.

5. The fuel cell of claim 1, wherein:

A is lanthanum;

B is nickel; and

X includes tin.

6. The fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein X includes germanium and another element.

7. The fuel cell according to claim 6, wherein X includes germanium and tin.

8. A hydridable alloy having at least three elements, said alloy having the formula:

AB.sub.(Z-Y) X.sub.(Y), as an atomic ratio wherein 4.8≦

Z≦

6.0;

wherein A is lanthanum alone or with at least one other element selected from the group consisting of the rare earth metals;

B comprises nickel;

X includes at least one element E selected from the group consisting of antimony, arsenic, germanium, tin and bismuth, so that at least one binary alloy selected from the group consisting of AE and BE where the alloy has an enthalpy of formation greater than that of the enthalpy of formation of binary alloy LaSn; and

Y being greater than zero and less than one.

9. The hydridable alloy of claim 8, wherein Z is about 5.

10. The hydridable alloy of claim 8, wherein:

A is lanthanum;

B is nickel; and

X includes germanium.

11. The hydridable alloy of claim 8, wherein:

A is lanthanum;

B is nickel; and

X includes tin.

12. The hydridable alloy of claim 8, wherein the alloy has at least four elements.

13. A hydridable alloy having at least three elements, said alloy having the formula:

AB.sub.(Z-Y) X.sub.(Y), as an atomic ratio wherein 4.8≦

Z≦

6.0;

A consisting essentially of lanthanum;

B includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, iron, and nickel;

X includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of antimony, arsenic, germanium, tin and bismuth.

14. A rechargeable battery comprising:

an alkaline electrolyte;

a cathode contacting the alkaline electrolyte; and

an anode contacting the alkaline electrolyte solution, the anode being made of an at least ternary hydridable alloy having the formula;

AB.sub.(Z-Y) X.sub.(Y), as an atomic ratio wherein 4.8≦

Z≦

6.0;

A includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of the rare earth metals;

B includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, manganese, cadmium, mercury and aluminum;

X includes at least one element E selected so that at least one binary alloy selected from the group consisting of AE and BE has an enthalpy of formation greater than that of binary alloy LaSn; and

Y is greater than zero and less than one.

15. The rechargeable battery of claim 14, wherein Z is about 5.

16. The rechargeable battery of claim 14, wherein:

A comprises an element selected from the group consisting of cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, and yttrium.

17. The rechargeable battery of claim 14, wherein:

A comprises a mischmetal.

18. The rechargeable battery of claim 14, wherein:

B comprises an element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, iron, and nickel.

19. The rechargeable battery of claim 14, wherein:

A comprises lanthanum;

B comprises nickel; and

X comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of antimony, arsenic, germanium, tin and bismuth.

20. The rechargeable battery of claim 14, wherein:

the anode and cathode form a bipolar electrode.