Amplification method for a polynucleotide

• US 5,916,776 A
• Filed: 08/27/1997
• Issued: 06/29/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 08/27/1997
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Sarnoff Corporation (SRI International, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Sarnoff Corporation (SRI International, Inc.)
• Inventors: Kumar, Rajan
• Primary Examiner(s): Zitomer, Stephanie W.
• Application Number:
  US08/924,763
• Time in Patent Office: 671 Days
• Field of Search: 536/22.1, 536/24.3, 536/25.3, 536/25.4, 536/24.33, 435/91.2, 435/91.1, 435/91.52, 435/91.5, 422/68.1, 422/63, 422/149, 422/188, 422/189
• US Class Current: 435/91.1
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/6834 Enzymatic or biochemical coupling of nucleic acids to a solid phase
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/686 Polymerase chain reaction [PCR]
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/6862 Ligase chain reaction [LCR]

Abstract

The nucleic acid amplification procedures of the present invention provide methods for amplification of a nucleic acid comprised of a first strand, comprising (a) using the first strand to generate copies of a second strand at a first location, (b) moving the copies of the second strand to a second location, and (c) using the copies of the second strand to generate copies of at least a portion of the first strand. Target nucleic acids used in the context of the present method include RNA or DNA, either single stranded or double stranded, using primer extension or joining-type protocols. Embodiments are set forth for automated forms of the claimed procedures.

Claims

1. A method for amplification of at least a portion of a target nucleic acid comprised of a first strand, comprising

(a) at a first location, generating based on the first strand copies of a second strand complementary to the first strand, which copies of the second strand are, or are adapted to be, captured on a solid support,

(b) moving the copies of the second strand to a second location either captured on the solid support or such that said copies of the second strand are captured on the solid support at the second location, and

(c) at the second location, generating based on the copies of the second strand copies of at least a portion of the first strand.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the copies of the first strand are, or are adapted to be, captured by a solid support, and further comprising

(d) moving the generated copies of the first strand to the first location such that said copies of the first strand are captured on a solid support at the first location.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein generating copies of the first or second strand comprises use of at least one nucleic acid-modifying enzyme.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein only one enzyme is used.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein a first enzyme is used at the first location and a second enzyme is used at the second location.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein the enzyme is a DNA polymerase, a ligase, an RNA polymerase, topoisomerase or a reverse transcriptase.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the generated copies of the first or second strand are attached to first or second microparticles, respectively.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the microparticles are paramagnetic or superparamagnetic.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the generated copies of the first and second strand are respectively attached to microparticles having different strengths of magnetic response when subjected to a magnetic field.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second locations are part of a microfluidic device.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the microfluidic device comprises a removable chemistry cassette or a microfabricated device.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first or second location is located at any interior place in the microfluidic device, provided that the first and second locations are not coincident.

13. The method of claim 6, wherein the enzyme is a DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, or reverse transcriptase.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:

at the first location, annealing the target nucleic acid with one or more first primers having an attached first moiety that binds to a second moiety, thereby forming at least one first binding pair, wherein first primers include a nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to the first strand, under conditions such that at least one first extension product of the at least one first primer is synthesized, wherein the at least one first extension product is the copy of at least a portion of the second strand; and

at the second location, annealing the at least one first extension product with one or more second primers such that at least two nucleotides remain single stranded at the 3'"'"' end of the first extension product, under conditions such that at least one second extension product of the at least one second primer is synthesized, which at least one second extension product is a copy of at least a portion of the first strand.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first or second primers comprise a multiplicity of oligonucleotides so that different segments of the target nucleic acid are amplified.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein a said first primer includes the first binding pair, and a said second primer has an attached third moiety that binds to a fourth moiety, thereby forming a second binding pair.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second and fourth moieties are attached to a first and second substrate, respectively.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first substrate is separated from the second substrate.

19. The method of claim 14, further comprising successively annealing first and second extension products with first and second primers, respectively, under conditions sufficient for extension of the first and second primers, which are hybridized to their complements upon such extension, provided that the first and second primers hybridize at or near the 3'"'"' and 5'"'"' boundaries of the nucleic acid wherein each primer hybridizes to a different extension product.

20. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second binding pairs comprise (a) biotin and streptavidin, (b) an antigen and an antibody that specifically recognizes the antigen, (c) amine and hydrazide, (d) Protein A and an immunoglobulin G, (e) a carbohydrate and a lectin that recognizes the carbohydrate, or (f) a nucleic acid and its complement, provided that the first and second moieties bind to each other and not to the third or fourth moiety, and the third and fourth moieties bind to each other and not to the first or second moiety.

21. The method of claim 6, wherein the enzyme is ligase.

22. The method for amplification of at least a portion of a target nucleic acid of claim 21, further comprising:

(1) at the first location adding (i) at least one first probe and (ii) at least one second probe which second probe includes a first moiety to the target nucleic acid under conditions that allow hybridization between complementary strands of nucleic acid, and such hybridization occurs, wherein the 3'"'"' end of one and the 5'"'"' end of the other of the first and second probes hybridize to the target nucleic acid and are adjacent to each other upon hybridization of the first and second probes to the target nucleic acid;

(2) ligating such adjacent, hybridized first and second probes;

(3) providing a second moiety attached to a first substrate, and binding the second moiety to the first moiety;

(4) moving the first substrate to, or holding the first substrate at, the first location;

(5) denaturing to separate the ligated first and second probes from the nucleic acid;

(6) washing unhybridized probes from the first location; and

(7) generating based on the ligated first and second probes copies of at least a portion of a strand complementary to the ligated first and second probes.

23. The method of claim 22, further comprising:

(8) at the first location, conducting the generating of step (7) by first adding third and fourth probes to the joined first and second probes under conditions that allow for hybridization between complementary strands of nucleic acid, and such hybridization occurs, wherein the 3'"'"' end of one and the 5'"'"' end of the other of the third and fourth probes hybridize to the joined first and second probe and are adjacent to each other upon such hybridization, wherein the fourth probes include a third moiety, and wherein the first and second probes are complementary to the third and fourth probes, respectively;

(9) completing the generating step by ligating the adjacent third and fourth probes;

(10) providing a fourth moiety attached to a second substrate, and binding the fourth moiety to the third moiety;

(11) washing unhybridized probes from the first location;

(12) denaturing to separate the ligated third and fourth probes from the joined first and second probes; and

(13) moving the second substrate to the second location.

24. The method of claim 23, further comprising:

(14) at the second location, adding first and second probes to the joined third and fourth probes under conditions that allow hybridization, wherein first and second probes hybridize to the joined third and fourth probes, and wherein the second probes have the first moiety;

(15) ligating the adjacent first and second probes;

(16) providing the first substrate having the second moiety, under conditions sufficient for the first and second moieties to bind;

(17) washing unhybridized probes from the second location;

(18) denaturing to separate the ligated first and second probes from the joined third and fourth probes; and

(19) moving the first substrate to the first location.

25. A method for amplifying one or more segments of a target nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a sequence that is complementary to a first and a second probe, the method comprising:

(a) providing the target nucleic acid attached at a first location;

(b) adding first, second, third, and fourth probes to the target nucleic acid under conditions that allow hybridization between complementary strands of nucleic acid, and such hybridization occurs, wherein the 3'"'"' end of one and the 5'"'"' end of the other of the first and second probes or the 3'"'"' end of one and the 5'"'"' end of the other of the third and fourth probes are adjacent to each other upon hybridization of the first and second probes or third and fourth probes to the target nucleic acid, wherein the first and second probes are complementary to a polynucleotide consisting of the third and fourth probes joined together, and wherein the second and fourth probes include a first moiety and a second moiety, respectively;

(c) ligating or chemically joining those of the first and second probes or third and fourth probes which are made adjacent by hybridizing to the target nucleic acid;

(d) washing unhybridized probes from the first location;

(e) denaturing to separate the joined probes from the target nucleic acid;

(f) moving the denatured ligated first and second probes or denatured ligated third and fourth probes from the first location to a second location; and

(g) generating at the second location the complement of a least of portion of said moved, ligated probes.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the method further comprises using a second location having a third moiety and a third location having a fourth moiety, wherein the denatured ligated first and second probes attach to the second location and the denatured ligated third and fourth probes attach to the third location, wherein the first and third moieties and the second and fourth moieties, respectively, bind to each other.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising

(h) combining the joined probes with a first substrate having a third moiety and a second substrate having a fourth moiety, binding the first and third moieties and the second and fourth moieties, respectively, and moving the bound first and second probes or the bound third and fourth probes from the first location.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein both of the joined first and second probes are moved from the first location to a second location and the joined third and fourth probes are moved from the first location to a third location, wherein further the first substrate and the second substrate can be differentially moved.

29. The method of claim 28, further comprising

(i) after step (f) adding first and second probes to the joined third and fourth probes at the third location and the third and fourth probes to the joined a first and second probes at the second location, under conditions that allow hybridization between complementary strands of the joined first and second probes and the joined third and fourth probes, wherein the 3'"'"' end of one and the 5'"'"' end of the other of the first and second probes or the 3'"'"' end of one and the 5'"'"' end of the other of the third and fourth probes are adjacent to each other upon such hybridization, and the second and fourth probes include the first moiety and the second moiety, respectively;

(j) ligating or chemically joining the adjacent first and second probes or third and fourth probes, thus forming newly joined probes;

(k) washing unhybridized probes from the second and third locations;

(l) denaturing to separate the newly joined probes from previously joined probes;

(m) at the third location binding first substrate to newly first and second joined probes and at the second location binding second substrate to newly joined third and fourth probes; and

(n) moving the first substrates bound with newly joined first and second probes to the second location or to a fourth location, and the second substrates bound with newly joined third and fourth probes to the third location or to a fifth location.

30. A method for amplifying at least a portion of a target nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a sequence that is complementary to a first and a second probe, the method comprising:

(a) attaching a target nucleic acid at a first location;

(b) combining first and second probes with the target nucleic acid under conditions that allow hybridization between complementary strands of nucleic acid, and hybridizing the first and second probes to the target nucleic acid so that the 3'"'"' end of one and the 5'"'"' end of the other of the first and second probes are adjacent to each other upon such hybridization, wherein the second probe includes a first moiety;

(c) ligating or chemically joining the adjacent first and second probes;

(d) washing unhybridized probes from the first location;

(e) denaturing to separate the joined probes from the target nucleic acid;

(f) moving the denatured joined first and second probes from the first location to a second location; and

(g) generating at the second location the complement of a least of portion of said moved, ligated probes.