Determining narrowband envelope alarm limit based on machine vibration spectra

• US 5,922,963 A
• Filed: 06/13/1997
• Issued: 07/13/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 06/13/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Computational Systems Incorporated (Emerson Electric Company)
• Original Assignee: CSI Technology Incorporated (Emerson Electric Company)
• Inventors: Slemp, Mark W., Piety, Kenneth R., Bethmann, William F. Jr.
• Primary Examiner(s): Williams, Hezron
• Assistant Examiner(s): Kwok, Helen C.
• Application Number:
  US08/874,333
• Time in Patent Office: 760 Days
• Field of Search: 73/659, 73/660, 73/658, 73/579, 73/599, 73/602, 702/179, 702/180, 702/182, 702/183, 702/184, 702/185, 364/725.01, 364/726.01
• US Class Current: 73/659
• CPC Class Codes: G01M 13/028 Acoustic or vibration analysis
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/14 using acoustic emission techniques echo of particles G01N29/046; measuring mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in solids in general G01H1/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/46 by spectral analysis, e.g. Fourier analysis or wavelet analysis spectral signal processing per se G06F17/14

Abstract

The disclosed invention senses a machine'"'"'s vibration spectrum, converts the vibration signal into a frequency-domain vibration spectrum, and analyzes the vibration spectrum to generate a narrowband alarm limit envelope against which the vibration spectrum of a previously uncharacterized machine may be compared. The limit envelope is generated from the test vibration spectrum of the machine which is the subject of the test, thus providing a performance benchmark against which to compare the vibration level of the previously uncharacterized machine. A limit envelope is also generated from a test vibration spectrum which has been designated as a reference or baseline spectrum. Further, a limit envelope is generated based upon a mean spectrum which is generated by combining several test vibration spectra. A limit envelope is also generated based upon mean and standard deviation spectra when a statistically significant number of test spectra are available.

Claims

1. A method for constructing an alarm limit envelope for spectral analysis of vibration data collected from a machine, said constructing based on a single measured machine vibration spectrum, the alarm limit envelope representing maximum vibration levels for which measured vibration levels within a measured vibration spectrum are considered normal, the method comprising the steps of:

measuring vibration generated by the machine over time to produce a time series of vibration data measurements;

transforming the time series of vibration data measurements from the time domain to the frequency domain to produce the single measured vibration spectrum consisting of a set of data points, where each data point includes a vibration amplitude level and a corresponding vibration frequency;

dividing said measured vibration spectrum into a plurality of frequency windows which are subsets of the data points having consecutive vibration frequencies, where each window includes a vibration peak which is a data point having the largest vibration amplitude within the window; and

calculating an alarm limit value for each window, each of said alarm limit values representing a maximum vibration level above which an amplitude level of any single data point having a vibration frequency within the window is considered abnormal,

wherein the alarm limit values for all windows within the measured vibration spectrum collectively comprise an alarm limit envelope.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said calculating step further comprises:

determining a candidate alarm limit for each window, said candidate alarm limit being based upon the amplitude of the vibration peak in the window; and

determining an alarm limit value for each window based on the candidate alarm limit for each window.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said calculating step further comprises:

determining a plurality of candidate alarm limits for each window;

determining a multiplier that conservatively adjusts at least one of said candidate alarm limits based upon characteristics specific to the vibration peak within the window;

adjusting at least one of said candidate alarm limits in accordance with said multiplier for that candidate alarm limit to produce a plurality of adjusted candidate alarm limits for each window; and

selecting one of said adjusted candidate alarm limits to be the alarm limit value for the window.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the measured vibration spectrum is an initial vibration spectrum based upon vibration data measurements that are measured on the machine at a time when it is not known whether the machine'"'"'s vibration is normal.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein each of said alarm limit values further represent a maximum vibration level above which an amplitude level of any single data point in the initial vibration spectrum having a vibration frequency within the window is considered abnormal.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein said calculating step further comprises:

determining a first candidate alarm limit expressed as a percentage of the amplitude of the vibration peak within the window;

determining a second candidate alarm limit expressed as a maximum absolute alarm level that is independent of the amplitude of the vibration peak within the window, where the maximum absolute alarm level is a percentage of a predetermined overall alert level;

determining a third candidate alarm limit expressed as a sum of the amplitude of the vibration peak within the window and a value that is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level;

determining a fourth candidate alarm limit expressed as a minimum absolute alarm level that is independent of the amplitude of the vibration peak within the window, where the minimum absolute alarm level is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level;

determining a fifth candidate alarm limit expressed as a difference between the amplitude of the vibration peak within the window and a value that is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level; and

determining an alarm limit value for each window based on the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth candidate alarm limits.

10. The method of claim 9 further comprising adjusting each of said candidate alarm limits to produce first, second, third, fourth, and fifth adjusted candidate alarm limits for each window, and wherein the step of determining an alarm limit value for each window further comprises selecting one of the candidate alarm limits according to:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">AL=max(min(AL.sub.MAXPA'"'"' AL.sub.MAXAA'"'"' AL.sub.MAXDA'"'"')max(AL.sub.MINAA'"'"' AL.sub.MINDA)),

where;

AL is the alarm limit value;

AL_MAXPA is the first adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MAXAA is the second adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MAXDA is the third adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MINAA is the fourth adjusted candidate alarm limit; and

AL_MINDA is the fifth adjusted candidate alarm limit.

2. A method for constructing an alarm limit envelope based on a plurality of machine vibration spectra, the alarm limit envelope representing maximum machine vibration levels for which measured vibration levels within a measured machine vibration spectrum are considered normal, the method comprising the steps of:

providing a plurality of vibration spectra corresponding to vibration generated by at least one machine;

determining a mean vibration spectrum based on said plurality of vibration spectra, the mean vibration spectrum consisting of a set of data points, where each data point includes a vibration amplitude level and a corresponding vibration frequency, wherein each amplitude corresponding to a particular frequency in the mean vibration spectrum is a statistical mean of all corresponding amplitude levels of said plurality of vibration spectra;

dividing said mean vibration spectrum into a plurality of frequency windows which are subsets of the data points having consecutive vibration frequencies, where each window includes a mean vibration peak which is a data point having the largest vibration amplitude within the window; and

calculating an alarm limit value for each window, each of said alarm limit values representing a maximum vibration level above which an amplitude level of any single data point having a vibration frequency within the window is considered abnormal

wherein the alarm limit values for all windows within the mean vibration spectrum collectively comprise an alarm limit envelope.

5. The method of claim 2 wherein said calculating step further comprises:

determining a candidate alarm limit for each window, said candidate alarm limit being based upon the amplitude of the mean vibration peak in the window; and

determining an alarm limit value for each window based on the candidate alarm limit for each window.

6. The method of claim 2 wherein said calculating step further comprises:

determining a plurality of candidate alarm limits for each window;

determining a multiplier that conservatively adjusts at least one of said candidate alarm limits based upon characteristics specific to the mean vibration peak within the window;

adjusting at least one of said candidate alarm limits in accordance with said multiplier for that candidate alarm limit to produce a plurality of adjusted candidate alarm limits for each window; and

selecting one of said adjusted candidate alarm limits to be the alarm limit value for the window.

11. The method of claim 2 wherein said calculating step further comprises:

determining a first candidate alarm limit expressed as a percentage of the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window;

determining a second candidate alarm limit expressed as a maximum absolute alarm level that is independent of the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window, where the maximum absolute alarm level is a percentage of a predetermined overall alert level;

determining a third candidate alarm limit expressed as a sum of the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window and a value that is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level;

determining a fourth candidate alarm limit expressed as a minimum absolute alarm level that is independent of the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window, where the minimum absolute alarm level is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level;

determining a fifth candidate alarm limit expressed as a difference between the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window and a value that is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level; and

determining an alarm limit value for each window based on the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth candidate alarm limits.

12. The method of claim 11 further comprising adjusting each of said candidate alarm limits to produce first, second, third, fourth, and fifth adjusted candidate alarm limits for each window, and wherein the step of determining an alarm limit value for each window further comprises selecting one of the candidate alarm limits according to:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">AL=max(min(AL.sub.MAXPA'"'"' AL.sub.MAXAA'"'"' AL.sub.MAXDA'"'"')max(AL.sub.MINAA'"'"' AL.sub.MINDA)),

where;

AL is the alarm limit value;

AL_MAXPA is the first adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MAXAA is the second adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MAXDA is the third adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MINAA is the fourth adjusted candidate alarm limit; and

AL_MINDA is the fifth adjusted candidate alarm limit.

13. The method of claim 2 further comprising:

determining a standard deviation vibration spectrum based on said plurality of vibration spectra, the standard deviation vibration spectrum consisting of a set of data points, where each data point includes a standard deviation vibration amplitude level and a corresponding vibration frequency, wherein each amplitude level corresponding to a particular frequency in the standard deviation vibration spectrum is a statistical standard deviation of all corresponding amplitude levels of said plurality of vibration spectra; and

determining a candidate alarm limit based on mean vibration amplitude levels and standard deviation vibration amplitude levels.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein said calculating step further comprises:

determining a first candidate alarm limit expressed as a percentage of the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window;

determining a second candidate alarm limit expressed as a maximum absolute alarm level that is independent of the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window, where the maximum absolute alarm level is a percentage of a predetermined overall alert level;

determining a third candidate alarm limit expressed as a sum of the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window and a value that is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level;

determining a fourth candidate alarm limit expressed as a minimum absolute alarm level that is independent of the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window, where the minimum absolute alarm level is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level;

determining a fifth candidate alarm limit expressed as a difference between the amplitude of the mean vibration peak within the window and a value that is a percentage of the predetermined overall alert level;

determining a sixth candidate alarm limit according to;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">AL.sub.SDA =max{MEAN.sub.i +(SDA×

STANDEV.sub.1)}

for i=1 to n, where n is the number of data points in the window, and where;

AL_SDA is the sixth candidate alarm limit,

MEAN_i is a mean vibration amplitude level at the ith data point in the data window,

STANDEV_i is a standard deviation vibration amplitude level at the ith data point in the data window, and

SDA is a user-selectable value; and

determining an alarm limit value for each window based on the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth candidate alarm limits.

15. The method of claim 14 further comprising adjusting each of said candidate alarm limits to produce first, second, third, fourth, and fifth adjusted candidate alarm limits for each window, and wherein the step of determining an alarm limit value for each window further comprises selecting one of the candidate alarm limits according to:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">AL=max(min(AL.sub.MAXPA'"'"' AL.sub.MAXAA'"'"' AL.sub.MAXDA'"'"' AL.sub.SDA'"'"')max(AL.sub.MINAA'"'"' AL.sub.MINDA)),

where;

AL is the alarm limit value;

AL_MAXPA is the first adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MAXAA is the second adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MAXDA is the third adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MINAA is the fourth adjusted candidate alarm limit;

AL_MINDA is the fifth adjusted candidate alarm limit; and

AL_SDA is the sixth candidate alarm limit.

16. A machine vibration monitoring system for measuring and analyzing mechanical vibration levels of a machine to determine an operational condition of the machine, where the vibration levels are represented by a frequency-domain vibration spectrum, the system comprising:

a computer for analyzing the frequency-domain vibration spectrum, for determining an alarm limit envelope based on the frequency-domain vibration spectrum where the alarm limit envelope represents a maximum vibration level above which the vibration levels of the machine are considered abnormal, and for determining whether the machine'"'"'s vibration levels exceed the alarm limit envelope, the computer comprising;

a computer processor for

dividing the vibration spectrum into a plurality of frequency windows that are subsets of data points having consecutive vibration frequencies, where each window includes a vibration peak which is a data point having the largest vibration amplitude within the window,

calculating an alarm limit value for each window, the alarm limit value representing a maximum vibration level above which an amplitude level of any single data point having a vibration frequency within the window is considered abnormal, and

assembling the alarm limit values for all windows within the vibration spectrum to construct the alarm limit envelope;

computer memory connected to the computer processor for storing the vibration spectrum and the alarm limit envelope;

a user interface connected to the computer processor for providing operator control system functions; and

a display connected to the computer processor for providing visual representations used in controlling system functions, and for viewing the vibration spectrum and the alarm limit envelope.

17. The machine vibration monitoring system of claim 16 wherein the computer processor further determines a candidate alarm limit for each window based upon the amplitude of the vibration peak in the window, and determines the alarm limit value for each window based on the candidate alarm limit for each window.

18. The machine vibration monitoring system of claim 16 wherein the computer processor further determines a plurality of candidate alarm limits for each window, determines a multiplier that conservatively adjusts at least one of said candidate alarm limits based upon characteristics specific to the vibration peak within the window, adjusts at least one of said candidate alarm limits in accordance with said multiplier for that candidate alarm limit to produce a plurality of adjusted candidate alarm limits for each window, and selects one of said adjusted candidate alarm limits to be the alarm limit value for the window.

19. The machine vibration monitoring system of claim 16 further comprising a portable vibration analyzer for collecting and storing vibration information that indicates the vibration levels of the machine, the portable vibration analyzer comprising:

a sensor for converting the mechanical vibration levels of the machine into a time-domain electrical signal representing the mechanical vibration levels of the machine;

a signal conditioning circuit for filtering, amplifying, and converting the time-domain electrical signal into a format that can be digitally processed;

a signal transformation circuit for transforming the time-domain electrical signal into a frequency-domain vibration spectrum representing the mechanical vibration levels of the machine, the vibration spectrum consisting of a set of data points, where each data point includes a vibration amplitude level and a corresponding vibration frequency; and

analyzer memory for storing the frequency-domain vibration spectrum.