Fuel-cells generator system and method of generating electricity from fuel cells

• US 5,925,476 A
• Filed: 09/05/1997
• Issued: 07/20/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 09/06/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha (Toyota Motor Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha (Toyota Motor Corporation)
• Inventors: Kawatsu, Shigeyuki
• Primary Examiner(s): Gorgos, Kathryn
• Assistant Examiner(s): Wong, Edna
• Application Number:
  US08/924,210
• Time in Patent Office: 683 Days
• Field of Search: 429/23, 429/24, 429/25, 204/265, 204/266, 204/409
• US Class Current: 429/424
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2300/0082 Organic polymers
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0258 characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0267 having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04007 related to heat exchange
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04029 Heat exchange using liquids
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04089 of gaseous reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04238 Depolarisation
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04365 of other components of a fuel cell or fuel cell stacks
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04388 of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04447 of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04559 of fuel cell stacks
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04679 of fuel cell stacks
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04731 of other components of a fuel cell or fuel cell stacks
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04753 of fuel cell reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04798 of fuel cell reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04835 of fuel cell reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0612 from carbon-containing material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/241 with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/2457 with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells

Abstract

A fuel-cells generator system of the present invention carries out an appropriate control to ensure a high output even when a catalyst carried on an electrode is poisoned. An electronic control unit of the fuel-cells generator system measures an output voltage E of fuel cells, a concentration D of carbon monoxide included in a gaseous fuel, a temperature T of the fuel cells, and a pressure P of the gaseous fuel at steps S100 through S130. When the output voltage E has been lowered by the amount of change that is not less than a predetermined voltage E0 at step S140 and when the concentration D of carbon monoxide measured by a carbon monoxide sensor represents the poisoned state of a catalyst carried on the anodes of the fuel cells at step S150, the temperature T of the fuel cells is gradually increased at step S180. The pressure P of the gaseous fuel is also gradually increased at step S190, in order to enable a partial vapor pressure in the gaseous fuel to be kept at a constant value even under the condition of the increased temperature of the fuel cells. This structure keeps the partial vapor pressure in the gaseous fuel at a constant level, thus preventing the partial pressure of hydrogen in the gaseous fuel from being lowered and ensuring a continuous supply of hydrogen to the anodes.

Claims

1. A fuel-cells generator system using fuel cells, which receive a supply of a reaction gas fed to an electrode with a catalyst carried thereon and generate an electromotive force through a chemical reaction of said reaction gas, said fuel-cells generator system comprising:

lowered output detection means for detecting a decrease in output of said fuel cells;

poisoned state detection means for detecting a poisoned state of said catalyst;

temperature control means for, when said poisoned state detection means detects the poisoned state of said catalyst and said lowered output detection means detects a decrease in output of said fuel cells, increasing temperature of said fuel cells; and

gas pressure control means for regulating pressure of said reaction gas supplied to said electrode in response to the temperature control by said temperature control means, thereby enabling partial vapor pressure in said reaction gas to be kept within a predetermined range.

2. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 1, said fuel-cells generator system further comprising:

gas utilization ratio calculation means for calculating a degree of utilization of said reaction gas in said fuel cells as a gas utilization ratio; and

prohibition means for, when the gas utilization ratio calculated by said gas utilization ratio calculation means is not less than a predetermined value, prohibiting operations of said temperature control means and said gas pressure control means.

3. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 1, said fuel-cells generator system further comprising:

impedance measurement means for measuring an impedance of said fuel cells; and

prohibition means for, when the impedance measured by said impedance measurement means is out of a predetermined range, prohibiting operations of said temperature control means and said gas pressure control means.

4. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said poisoned state detection means comprises:

carbon monoxide concentration detection means for observing a concentration of carbon monoxide included in said reaction gas; and

means for detecting the poisoned state of said catalyst, based on the observed concentration of carbon monoxide.

5. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 4, wherein said carbon monoxide concentration detection means comprises:

an electrolyte membrane;

two electrodes arranged across said electrolyte membrane and having a catalyst carried thereon;

a reaction gas supply conduit for feeding a supply of said reaction gas to one of said two electrodes;

an oxidizing gas supply conduit for feeding a supply of an oxygen-containing, oxidizing gas to the other of said two electrodes;

potential difference measurement means for measuring a potential difference between said two electrodes under the condition that a predetermined load is connected between said two electrodes; and

carbon monoxide concentration calculation means for calculating the concentration of carbon monoxide included in said reaction gas, based on the potential difference measured by said potential difference measurement means.

6. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 1, said fuel-cells generator system further comprising:

a reformer for reforming methanol and producing a hydrogen-rich gas as said reaction gas;

methanol concentration detection means for observing a concentration of methanol included in said reaction gas; and

reformer operation control means for, when the concentration of methanol observed by said methanol concentration detection means is not less than a predetermined level and said lowered output detection means detects a decrease in output of said fuel cells, controlling operation of said reformer, thereby lowering the concentration of methanol included in said reaction gas.

7. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 6, wherein said poisoned state detection means comprises:

an electrolyte membrane;

two electrodes arranged across said electrolyte membrane and having a catalyst carried thereon;

a reaction gas supply conduit for feeding a supply of said reaction gas to one of said two electrodes;

an oxidizing gas supply conduit for feeding a supply of an oxygen-containing, oxidizing gas to the other of said two electrodes;

potential difference measurement means for measuring a potential difference between said two electrodes; and

load switching means for switching between a first state, in which a predetermined load is connected between said two electrodes, and a second state, in which said predetermined load is disconnected from said two electrodes;

said methanol concentration detection means comprising;

methanol concentration calculation means for calculating the concentration of methanol included in said reaction gas, based on the potential difference measured by said potential difference measurement means, in said second state selected by said load switching means.

8. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 7, wherein said poisoned state detection means further comprises:

carbon monoxide concentration calculation means for calculating a concentration of carbon monoxide included in said reaction gas, based on the potential difference measured by said potential difference measurement means, in said first state selected by said load switching means; and

means for detecting the poisoned state of said catalyst, based on the calculated concentration of carbon monoxide.

9. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 1, wherein each of said fuel cells comprise:

an electrolyte membrane;

a first electrode arranged in close contact with one surface of said electrolyte membrane as said electrode receiving a supply of said reaction gas; and

a second electrode arranged in close contact with the other surface of said electrolyte membrane and receiving a supply of an oxygen-containing, oxidizing gas,

said fuel-cells generator system further comprising;

oxidizing gas pressure control means for regulating pressure of said oxidizing gas fed to said second electrode, thereby enabling the pressure of said oxidizing gas and the pressure of said reaction gas fed to said first electrode to satisfy a predetermined relationship.

10. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said predetermined relationship enables the pressure of said oxidizing gas and the pressure of said reaction gas to hold a fixed order of magnitude.

11. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said predetermined relationship enables a difference between the pressure of said oxidizing gas and the pressure of said reaction gas to be not greater than a predetermined value.

12. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said predetermined relationship enables a difference between the pressure of said oxidizing gas and the pressure of said reaction gas to be kept constant.

13. A fuel-cells generator system in accordance with claim 1, said fuel-cells generator system further comprising:

restoration means for, when no decrease in output of said fuel cells is detected by said lowered output detection means after execution of the pressure regulation of said reaction gas by said gas pressure control means, returning the temperature of said fuel cells to a non-controlled temperature of said fuel cells, which represents a value before the increase by said temperature control means, and returning the pressure of said reaction gas to a non-controlled pressure of said reaction gas, which represents a value before the regulation by said gas pressure control means.

14. A method of generating electricity from fuel cells, which receive a supply of a reaction gas fed to an electrode with a catalyst carried thereon and generate an electromotive force through a chemical reaction of said reaction gas, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) controlling temperature of said fuel cells to be higher than an optimum operating temperature; and

(b) regulating pressure of said reaction gas supplied to said electrode in response to the temperature control carried out in said step (a), thereby enabling partial vapor pressure in said reaction gas to be kept within a predetermined range.

15. A method of generating electricity from fuel cells, which receive a supply of a reaction gas fed to an electrode with a catalyst carried thereon and generate an electromotive force through a chemical reaction of said reaction gas, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) detecting a decrease in output of said fuel cells;

(b) detecting a poisoned state of said catalyst;

(c) when the poisoned state of said catalyst is detected in said step (b) and a decrease in output of said fuel cells is detected in said step (a), increasing temperature of said fuel cells; and

(d) regulating pressure of said reaction gas supplied to said electrode in response to the temperature control carried out in said step (c), thereby enabling partial vapor pressure in said reaction gas to be kept within a predetermined range.

16. A method in accordance with claim 15, said method further comprising the steps of:

(e) calculating a degree of utilization of said reaction gas in said fuel cells as a gas utilization ratio; and

(f) when the gas utilization ratio calculated in said step (e) is not less than a predetermined value, prohibiting operations of said steps (c) and (d).

17. A method in accordance with claim 15, said method further comprising the steps of:

(e) measuring an impedance of said fuel cells; and

(f) when the impedance measured in said step (e) is out of a predetermined range, prohibiting operations of said steps (c) and (d).

18. A method in accordance with claim 15, wherein said step (b) comprises the steps of:

(b-1) observing a concentration of carbon monoxide included in said reaction gas; and

(b-2) detecting the poisoned state of said catalyst, based on the observed concentration of carbon monoxide.

19. A method in accordance with claim 15, said method further comprising the steps of:

(e) reforming methanol and producing a hydrogen-rich gas as said reaction gas;

(f) observing a concentration of methanol included in said reaction gas; and

(g) when the concentration of methanol observed in said step (f) is not less than a predetermined level and a decrease in output of said fuel cells is detected in said step (a), controlling operation of said step (e), thereby lowering the concentration of methanol included in said reaction gas.

20. A method in accordance with claim 15, said method further comprising the steps of:

(e) when no decrease in output of said fuel cells is detected in said step (a) after execution of the pressure regulation of said reaction gas in said step (d), returning the temperature of said fuel cells to a non-controlled temperature of said fuel cells, which represents a value before the increase in said step (c), and returning the pressure of said reaction gas to a non-controlled pressure of said reaction gas, which represents a value before the regulation in said step (d).